Addressing the Linkages between Gender and Transport in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Abstract

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) specifies gender equality and sustainable development as their two central priorities. An area of critical importance for sustainable and gender-fair development is mobility and transport, which has so far been neglected and downplayed in research and policy making both at the national and global levels. Rooted in the history of the topic and the emerging ideas on smart, green and integrated transport, this paper presents a literature review of on gender and transport in the low- and middle-income countries. The paper presents a host of cross-cutting topics with a concentrated focus on spatial and transport planning. The paper further identifies existing research gaps and comments on the new conceptualizations on smart cities and smart mobilities in the Global South. Due attention is paid to intersections and synergies that can be created between different development sectors, emerging transport modes, data and modeling exercises, gender equality and sustainability.

Assessing MRT Feeder Bus Services Performance Through Passenger’s Satisfaction Level in the Selected Stations of Klang Valley, Malaysia

“…However, a closer look at user demographics demonstrated otherwise, indicating gender issues like fear of crime and bus stop conditions that still fall below the quality anticipated by females. This significant finding supports various other contemporary research on equality issues (Priya Uteng & Turner, 2019;Peters, 2013;Duchène, 2011). Planners (2021)…”

“…Focus on safety and security are presented in this study, as contemporary literature has also concentrated on equality and fairness issues (Hail & McQuaid, 2021;Rock et al, 2014). Whilst females travel greater distances to more varied destinations and have greater access to diversified transportation mode; public transportation design and services have been centred around a typically maledominated environment (Priya Uteng & Turner, 2019;Peters, 2013), especially in developing cities, including Klang Valley. Hence, aspects of gender and safety and gender and convenience/comfort are discussed in this study.…”

Understanding changes in the geography of opportunity over time: The case of Santiago, Chile

“…-High unemployment in the area generates other negative externalities such as poor health and higher crime rates. Andersson et al, 2018;Andresen, 2012;Boisjoly et al, 2017;Brueckner and Zenou, 2003;Cervero, 2013;Dawkins et al, 2005;Dujardin and Goffette-Nagot, 2010;Gobillon et al, 2007;Hernandez et al, 2020;Hernandez and Titheridge, 2016;Hess, 2005; K. R. Ihlanfeldt, 1999;Johnson, 2006;Korsu andWenglenski, 2010, 2010;Mejía-Dorantes andSoto Villagrán, 2020, 2020;Phillips, 2014Phillips, , 2014Plum and Knies, 2015;Priya Uteng and Turner, 2019;Sampson, 2012;Turner and Fouracre, 1995. iii) Health and environment -Unequal access to health services in different urban areas directly affects the health of the population. Low access to health services is associated with higher new-born mortality, lower rates of the population vaccinated, complications of common or easily preventable diseases, and delay in diagnosing conditions such as cancer.…”

“…First, in general, the most vulnerable urban population in cities in Latin America live far from employment centres; they concentrate in the cities' outskirts, while urban jobs opportunities are mostly located in the central area of cities (Rodriguez, 2016). Second, the urban poor travel long distances and are held captive of inefficient and weak public transport systems (Cervero, 2013;Hernandez and Titheridge, 2016)) affecting their access to jobs and other economic opportunities (Carruthers et al, 2005;Guzman and Bocarejo, 2017), particularly for women who, on average, tend to work closer to home (Mejía-Dorantes and Soto Villagrán, 2020; Priya Uteng and Turner, 2019;Turner and Fouracre, 1995).…”

Exploring Women’s Experience of Gender-Based Violence and Other Threats to Safety on Public Transport in Bangladesh

“…Lack of access to safe transport and other constraints on women's mobility are increasingly being recognised as critical barriers to women's educational and workforce participation and broader freedom and autonomy (Clarke 2012;Priya Uteng and Turner 2019). This barrier is, in turn, reflective of gendered inequalities (income, legal and social norms around driving and travel) and exposure to a range of risks (GBV, as defined further below; robbery; and being injured in a traffic crash or fall).…”