Adenomas – Genetic factors in colorectal cancer prevention

Abstract

Colorectal cancer is the second most common type of cancer both in Europe and Poland. During the last 30 years more than a 3-fold increase has been observed in Poland due to environmental and genetic factors. Almost all colorectal malignancies are related to the formation and malignant transformation of colorectal dysplasia and adenoma. Efforts aiming to decrease the number of colorectal cancer deaths are focused on the disease early detection. Genetic diagnosis for hereditary syndromes predisposing to colorectal cancer has been developed and is a part of the routine treatment. Most cancers are sporadic. They often develop from polyps in the colon. In addition to the genetic events described in the 1990s, showing the adenoma transformation into carcinoma that has been a prime example of malignant transformation for a long time, there are also other possibilities of neoplastic transformation. The recognition of colorectal cancer risk factors make sense as their nature is lifestyle- and diet-related. In this review paper those risk factors are presented and the prevention of colorectal cancer is discussed taking into account genetic factors.

Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of low- and high-grade adenoma reveals potential biomarkers for early detection of colorectal carcinoma

“…Against a background of whole-genome hypo-methylation, gene-specific promoter hyper-methylation has been found to promote CRC by downregulating the expression of key tumor suppressor genes such as CDKN2A, MLH1, and CDH1 [16][17][18]. CRC is a heterogeneous disease that typically originates from a pre-cancerous lesion, often in the form of an adenoma, eventually progressing to a malignant cancer within a temporal window that may exceed 10 years [19]. Because CRC exceeds many other cancers in both incidence and mortality, capacity to detect and monitor molecular changes during the colorectal adenoma (AD) stage provides an excellent opportunity to prevent cancer progression and improve survival outcomes [20].…”

Expresión de Ciclooxigenasa-2 en carcinoma colorrectal, una revisión narrativa

“…La obesidad, el sedentarismo y la dieta rica en azúcar, carnes rojas, grasas saturadas, carbohidratos refinados y alimentos procesados, aumentan el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer colorrectal (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). Los factores ambientales están asociados con los tumores esporádicos y son responsables de aproximadamente el 83 % de todos los casos de cáncer colorrectal (17).…”

“…Los pacientes con colitis ulcerativa y enfermedad de Crohn de larga evolución tienen mayor riesgo de desarrollar cáncer colorrectal, este riesgo aumenta en los casos con colangitis esclerosante primaria (23). Además, son considerados de alto riesgo para la presentación de carcinoma colorrectal los pacientes con síndrome de Lynch, Poliposis Adenomatosa Familiar, síndrome de Turcot, síndrome de Gardner y síndrome de Peutz-Jeghers (17,24,25).…”

Alleviation of Multidrug Resistance by Flavonoid and Non-Flavonoid Compounds in Breast, Lung, Colorectal and Prostate Cancer

“…Main risk factors include alterations of gut microbiota [23], Western diet [24], obesity, hormonal status or chronic inflammatory bowel diseases [25]. Genetic factors such as mutations in KRAS, BRAF, PI3K genes and polymorphisms in nucleic acid-binding protein 1, laminin γ 1, cyclin D2, T-box 3 are also involved in colorectal cancer etiology [26,27].…”