Adenoviruses

Allard, Annika; Vantarakis, Apostolos

doi:10.14321/waterpathogens.11

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 143 publications

(165 reference statements)

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“…Such variability hampers NoV detection in the environment and its application as an MST marker, another disadvantage being its presence in pig feces in some areas in this study. The mean of HAdV in raw sewage (5.13 log 10 GC/10 ml) was found to be higher than in other studies (about 3–4 log 10 GC/1,000 ml; Hewitt et al, 2013 ; Rusiñol et al, 2014 ; Haramoto et al, 2015 ), although a considerable variability (2–7 log 10 GC/10 ml) between geographical areas has also been observed ( Allard and Vantarakis, 2017 ). As a marker, HAdV showed good specificity for human source detection, being found mainly in human fecal samples, but its low sensitivity limits its use for MST unless combined with more sensitive markers ( Blanch et al, 2006 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Bacteriophages Are Good Estimators of Human Viruses Present in Water

et al. 2021

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The detection of fecal viral pathogens in water is hampered by their great variety and complex analysis. As traditional bacterial indicators are poor viral indicators, there is a need for alternative methods, such as the use of somatic coliphages, which have been included in water safety regulations in recent years. Some researchers have also recommended the use of reference viral pathogens such as noroviruses or other enteric viruses to improve the prediction of fecal viral pollution of human origin. In this work, phages previously tested in microbial source tracking studies were compared with norovirus and adenovirus for their suitability as indicators of human fecal viruses. The phages, namely those infecting human-associated Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron strain GA17 (GA17PH) and porcine-associated Bacteroides strain PG76 (PGPH), and the human-associated crAssphage marker (crAssPH), were evaluated in sewage samples and fecal mixtures obtained from different animals in five European countries, along with norovirus GI + GII (NoV) and human adenovirus (HAdV). GA17PH had an overall sensitivity of ≥83% and the highest specificity (>88%) for human pollution source detection. crAssPH showed the highest sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%) in northern European countries but a much lower specificity in Spain and Portugal (10 and 30%, respectively), being detected in animal wastewater samples with a high concentration of fecal indicators. The correlations between GA17PH, crAssPH, or the sum of both (BACPH) and HAdV or NoV were higher than between the two human viruses, indicating that bacteriophages are feasible indicators of human viral pathogens of fecal origin and constitute a promising, easy to use and affordable alternative to human viruses for routine water safety monitoring.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Bacteriophages Are Good Estimators of Human Viruses Present in Water

et al. 2021

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“…Overall, the types are divided into seven species (A to G) that infect humans, causing a wide range of clinical symptoms, such as upper respiratory tract syndromes (pharyngitis, rhinitis and also pneumonia), gastroenteritis, kerato-conjunctivitis and urinary diseases. HAdVs are also responsible for a large number of asymptomatic infections, which would explain the worldwide distribution of the virus [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main route of transmission is by the inhalation of aerosolized droplets and fecal–oral exposure, since HAdV can be excreted in high levels in stool specimens [ 12 ]. Giving the combination of fecal elimination and a relatively high degree of resistance to water disinfection, HAdV has been detected worldwide in various water environments, from wastewaters at various stages of treatment to surface waters (i.e., recreational waters) and tap waters [ 13 ]. HAdV has also shown a high frequency and abundance in water environments compared to other enteric, nonenveloped viruses (i.e., norovirus, enterovirus) [ 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary Data Related to the Effect of Climacostol Produced by the Freshwater Ciliate Climacostomum virens on Human Adenovirus

Verani

Giuseppe

Federigi

et al. 2020

Viruses

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The new epidemiological scenario has so far focused on the environmental circulation of human viral pathogens. Owing to the side effects of chemical disinfectants, there is an increasing need for knowledge on the use of virucidal compounds, especially those of a natural origin. Climacostol is a molecule produced by a freshwater ciliate and it exhibits activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens. We thus also speculated that there might be an effect on viral viability, which has never been tested. To evaluate such activity, we chose human adenovirus (HAdV), which is representative of waterborne viruses. We conducted experiments using HAdV serotype 5, whose titer was determined by infecting HeLa cell cultures. HAdV5 was shown to be sensitive to climacostol at a concentration of 0.0002 mg/mL, with an approximate 3 Log10 reduction when the initial titer of HAdV5 was approximately 104 and 103 TCID50/mL. These preliminary results could be an important starting point for further research aimed at improving the characterization of climacostol activity under different experimental conditions and against various viruses, including enveloped ones (i.e., the coronavirus). The production of climacostol by a protist living in fresh water also suggests a possible application in the activated sludge of wastewater treatment plants.

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“…In the present work, in order to perform a reliable occupational biological risk assessment, we developed a probabilistic QMRA model for the exposure of workers to bioaerosols containing HAdV using a dose–response model recently developed to describe the distributions of infectivity and pathogenicity in various challenge studies incorporating differences in inoculation routes [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment for Workers Exposed to Bioaerosol in Wastewater Treatment Plants Aimed at the Choice and Setup of Safety Measures

Carducci

Donzelli

Cioni

et al. 2018

IJERPH

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Biological risk assessment in occupational settings currently is based on either qualitative or semiquantitative analysis. In this study, a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) has been applied to estimate the human adenovirus (HAdV) health risk due to bioaerosol exposure in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). A stochastic QMRA model was developed considering HAdV as the index pathogen, using its concentrations in different areas and published dose–response relationship for inhalation. A sensitivity analysis was employed to examine the impact of input parameters on health risk. The QMRA estimated a higher average risk in sewage influent and biological oxidation tanks (15.64% and 12.73% for an exposure of 3 min). Sensitivity analysis indicated HAdV concentration as a predominant factor in the estimated risk. QMRA results were used to calculate the exposure limits considering four different risk levels (one illness case per 100, 1.000, 10.000, and 100.000 workers): for 3 min exposures, we obtained 565, 170, 54, and 6 GC/m3 of HAdV. We also calculated the maximum time of exposure for each level for different areas. Our findings can be useful to better define the effectiveness of control measures, which would thus reduce the virus concentration or the exposure time.

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Adenoviruses

Cited by 17 publications

References 143 publications

Bacteriophages Are Good Estimators of Human Viruses Present in Water

Bacteriophages Are Good Estimators of Human Viruses Present in Water

Preliminary Data Related to the Effect of Climacostol Produced by the Freshwater Ciliate Climacostomum virens on Human Adenovirus

Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment for Workers Exposed to Bioaerosol in Wastewater Treatment Plants Aimed at the Choice and Setup of Safety Measures

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