ADHD in Individuals with Intellectual Disability

Behavioral and Cognitive Interventions With Digital Devices in Subjects With Intellectual Disability: A Systematic Review

“…Although the prevalence of ID is not the highest among the neurodevelopmental disorders, ID is a chronic disorder that imposes a heavy burden on the family, and is among the top 20 most costly disorders (5,6). The comorbidity or co-occurrence of mental disorders and neurological illness is common in children and adolescents with ID and affects both their clinical progression and the outcomes of interventions (5,(7)(8)(9). The most common co-occurrent mental problems in children are autistic spectrum disorders (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and behavioral and emotional problems, which are significantly related to the development of different domains of adaptive behavior (5,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13).…”

“…The comorbidity or co-occurrence of mental disorders and neurological illness is common in children and adolescents with ID and affects both their clinical progression and the outcomes of interventions (5,(7)(8)(9). The most common co-occurrent mental problems in children are autistic spectrum disorders (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and behavioral and emotional problems, which are significantly related to the development of different domains of adaptive behavior (5,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). Independently of comorbid disorders, it has been estimated that there are several overlapping cognitive difficulties in ID related to attention (14)(15)(16), learning (15)(16)(17)(18), memory (15,18,19), perceptive and visuospatial skills (17,20,21), executive functions (15,18,22), processing speed (22), and communication (15,(23)(24)(25).…”

Small Flies Meet Big Data: Genetic Convergence of Neurodevelopmental Disorders Modeled in Drosophila

“…Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most common of these disorders in childhood, is highly heritable (;70%) (1). However, despite recent advances in next-generation sequencing facilitating gene discovery efforts, the search for ADHD risk alleles has been challenging, mainly because of the polygenic nature of the disorder (1). Indeed, most associations have been attributed to common gene variants with small effect size, with the first genome-wide significant findings reported only recently (2).…”

“…Their study utilizes a robust discovery-replication design to examine the extent of association of intellectual disability susceptibility genes with ADHD risk. Historically diagnosed by presentation of an IQ ,70, intellectual disability has more recently been diagnosed on the basis of the severity of the disruption of adaptive skills necessary for daily life, such as problem solving, abstract thinking, and learning from experience (1). Unlike ADHD, intellectual disability is often monogenic, with genetic causes accounting for 5% of cases, and attributed to several rare mutations in distinct genes (1).…”

“…Historically diagnosed by presentation of an IQ ,70, intellectual disability has more recently been diagnosed on the basis of the severity of the disruption of adaptive skills necessary for daily life, such as problem solving, abstract thinking, and learning from experience (1). Unlike ADHD, intellectual disability is often monogenic, with genetic causes accounting for 5% of cases, and attributed to several rare mutations in distinct genes (1). To examine the overlap between the genetic etiologies of the two disorders, Klein et al queried whether genes carrying rare mutations linked to intellectual disability are associated with ADHD through common variants.…”