ADHD Symptoms and Associated Psychopathology in a Community Sample of Adolescents From the European North of Russia

Abstract

The estimates of ADHD prevalence rates obtained in this study are similar to those of other countries, suggesting the need for identification and treatment of the disorder. Evaluation of associated disruptive behavior disorders and depression, particularly in boys, is warranted.

The danger of being inattentive – ADHD symptoms and risky sexual behaviour in Russian adolescents

“…Conduct problems were measured with teacher ratings on the SNAP-IV-C Rating Scale, which is a revised version of the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Questionnaire [26], and includes five items corresponding to DSM-IV criteria for conduct disorder. The scale has previously been used with Russian adolescents for assessing the prevalence of conduct problems [23] while the items have been shown to load on the same factor in parental ratings, separated from inattention and hyperactivity/ impulsivity [27]. The items were rated on a 4-point scale ranging from not at all (0) to very much (3), with a possible total score ranging from 0 to 15.…”

Gender Differences in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

“…It has been consistently reported that boys with ADHD tend to be more disruptive, engage in more rule breaking, and are more likely to have comorbid DBDs, [38][39][40] a difference that has contributed to the later referral and diagnosis of ADHD in girls. 38 Furthermore, those with DBD are more likely to have more severe ADHD.…”

ADHD and comorbid depression

“…Social problems in children with ADHD were also predictive of adolescent-onset depression [36,37]. Interestingly, however, these studies and others [34,38] noted that depression in adolescence was better predicted by externalizing behaviors than internalizing behaviors in children with ADHD.…”

“…Sex differences were noted across these studies as well, but fi ndings were mixed. Ruchkin et al [37] found that ADHD status was associated with the development of depression in males but not females. Daviss et al [38] and Biederman et al [39•] found that girls with ADHD were at higher risk than boys for developing depression in adolescence.…”