Adhesion and viability of waterborne pathogens on p‐DADMAC coatings

Mei, Henny C. van der; Rustema-Abbing, Minie; Langworthy, Don E.; Collias, Dimitris I.; Mitchell, Mark B.; Bjorkquist, D.; Busscher, Henk J.

doi:10.1002/bit.21538

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Observations in support of the former have been shown here, where adhesion to the negatively charged glass surface resulted in enhanced ATP concentrations. Supporting observations for the latter have been reported previously, where positively charged surfaces resulted in a loss in cell viability and increased cell death (13,26,44,47). Following the chemiosmotic theory, when cells are actively utilizing growth substrate, protons are extruded across the cell membrane to the periplasmic space as electrons are passed from the growth substrate to the terminal electron acceptor via membrane-bound enzymes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…A study of bacterial attachment to clays showed that most 2:1 clays enhanced respiration, while 1:1 clays had minimal effect (43). It has also been observed that positively charged surfaces can reduce cell viability (13,26,44,47). Unfortunately, given these disparate results, the prediction of how a specific surface may affect bacterial metabolic activity remains elusive.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variation in Bacterial ATP Level and Proton Motive Force Due to Adhesion to a Solid Surface

Hong

Brown

2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Bacterial adhesion to natural and man-made surfaces can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on the system at hand. Of vital importance is how the process of adhesion affects the bacterial metabolic activity. If activity is enhanced, this may help the cells colonize the surface, whereas if activity is reduced, it may inhibit colonization. Here, we report a study demonstrating that adhesion of both Escherichia coli and Bacillus brevis onto a glass surface resulted in enhanced metabolic activity, assessed through ATP measurements. Specifically, ATP levels were found to increase two to five times upon adhesion compared to ATP levels in corresponding planktonic cells. To explain this effect on ATP levels, we propose the hypothesis that bacteria can take advantage of a link between cellular bioenergetics (proton motive force and ATP formation) and the physiochemical charge regulation effect, which occurs as a surface containing ionizable functional groups (e.g., the bacterial cell surface) approaches another surface. As the bacterium approaches the surface, the charge regulation effect causes the charge and pH at the cell surface to vary as a function of separation distance. With negatively charged surfaces, this results in a decrease in pH at the cell surface, which enhances the proton motive force and ATP concentration. Calculations demonstrated that a change in pH across the cell membrane of only 0.2 to 0.5 units is sufficient to achieve the observed ATP increases. Similarly, the hypothesis indicates that positively charged surfaces will decrease metabolic activity, and results from studies of positively charged surfaces support this finding.Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation are important to a wide array of fields, such as environmental, chemical, and biomedical engineering; food processing; materials science; marine science; and ecology and environmental sciences. A key consideration in the development of a biofilm is the initial interaction between the bacterium and the substrata and the way in which these interactions affect the metabolic activity of the cells. If the metabolic activity increases, this would help the cells colonize the surface, whereas if the metabolic activity decreases, then the cells may become inactive or die.There have been a number of studies that have examined the effects of attachment on bacterial metabolic activity. The first reported observation of this effect was made in 1943, where it was found that bacterial activity increased in the presence of glass surfaces, particularly with low nutrient concentrations (54). Since this first study, researchers have examined how various materials, including glass and polymer surfaces (10, 11, 24-26, 40, 44, 47), silicone surfaces (52), ceramic surfaces (32), dialysis membranes (18), activated carbon (7), clays (43), sands (31, 48), estuary particles (19), and ion exchange resins (46), affect the metabolic activity of attached bacteria.Different mechanisms have been examined in an attempt to explain how surfaces affect bacterial metabo...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in Bacterial ATP Level and Proton Motive Force Due to Adhesion to a Solid Surface

Hong

Brown

2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Furthermore, Gottenbos et al (2001) found that bacteria adhered more rapidly to positively charged surfaces but electrostatic interaction impeded bacterial growth after adsorption in pure culture experiments. This interaction decreased the bacterial adenosine triphosphate content and proton motive force upon adhesion (Hong and Brown, 2009) supporting the decreased cell viability identified by van der Mei et al (2008). Conversely, negatively charged surfaces could promote the opposite, favoring growth of bacteria.…”

Section: Sediment Characteristics Governing Bacteria Particle Interacsupporting

confidence: 67%

Abundance and Distribution of Enteric Bacteria and Viruses in Coastal and Estuarine Sediments—a Review

et al. 2016

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The long term survival of fecal indicator organisms (FIOs) and human pathogenic microorganisms in sediments is important from a water quality, human health and ecological perspective. Typically, both bacteria and viruses strongly associate with particulate matter present in freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. This association tends to be stronger in finer textured sediments and is strongly influenced by the type and quantity of clay minerals and organic matter present. Binding to particle surfaces promotes the persistence of bacteria in the environment by offering physical and chemical protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. How bacterial and viral viability and pathogenicity is influenced by surface attachment requires further study. Typically, long-term association with surfaces including sediments induces bacteria to enter a viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) state. Inherent methodological challenges of quantifying VBNC bacteria may lead to the frequent under-reporting of their abundance in sediments. The implications of this in a quantitative risk assessment context remain unclear. Similarly, sediments can harbor significant amounts of enteric viruses, however, the factors regulating their persistence remains poorly understood. Quantification of viruses in sediment remains problematic due to our poor ability to recover intact viral particles from sediment surfaces (typically <10%), our inability to distinguish between infective and damaged (non-infective) viral particles, aggregation of viral particles, and inhibition during qPCR. This suggests that the true viral titre in sediments may be being vastly underestimated. In turn, this is limiting our ability to understand the fate and transport of viruses in sediments. Model systems (e.g., human cell culture) are also lacking for some key viruses, preventing our ability to evaluate the infectivity of viruses recovered from sediments (e.g., norovirus). The release of particle-bound bacteria and viruses into the water column during sediment resuspension also represents a risk to water quality. In conclusion, our poor process level understanding of viral/bacterial-sediment interactions combined with methodological challenges is limiting the accurate source apportionment and quantitative microbial risk assessment for pathogenic organisms associated with sediments in aquatic environments.

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“…Van der Mei et al have recently reported the antimicrobial activity of poly(diallyl dimethylammonium chloride)-coated glass surfaces against waterborne pathogens, namely Raoultella terrigena, E. coli, and Brevundimonas diminuta [129]. Majumdar et al have also reported the potential application of 'tethered' QAS moieties chemically bound to polysiloxane substrates as an environmental-friendly coating to control marine biofouling [130].…”

Section: Surfaces With Bound Tethered Antimicrobial Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%