“…Once a graphitic layer is formed, the adhesion of a subsequently formed diamond layer is very weak. Several attempts have been made to improve diamond nucleation and adhesion using interlayers (Godbole et al , 1999, Wei et al , 2009, Polini et al , 2007, Zuo et al , 2003) to act as a buffer to limit carbon exposure to the substrate, by using laser irradiation to partially melt the substrate surface and react molten metal with carbon (Narayan et al , 1991), or by using C+ ion implantation (Lee et al , 1992). These approaches often involve an extra processing step and have yielded limited success.…”