“…7 In the past decades, extensive studies have been performed on the initial stage of biofilm formation, especially on the adhesion of bacteria on well-characterized minerals and inert surfaces (e.g., kaolinite, montmorillonite, goethite, hematite, quartz, corundum, and glass). The investigated factors include bacterial strain, 8,9 mineral type, 10,11 solution chemistry, 12,13 cell surface features (e.g., proteins and polysaccharides), 14,15 and organic matter. 16,17 In the subsequent stage of adhesion, bacteria began to respond to the surface and undergo biological changes in order to overcome the potential energy barrier imposed by the physical–chemical forces, resulting in biofilm formation and maintenance.…”