Adhesion Properties, Biofilm Forming Potential, and Susceptibility to Disinfectants of Contaminant Wine Yeasts

Abstract

In this study, yeasts isolated from filter membranes used for the quality control of bottled wines were identified and tested for their resistance to some cleaning agents and potassium metabisulphite, adhesion to polystyrene and stainless-steel surfaces, and formation of a thin round biofilm, referred to as a MAT. A total of 40 strains were identified by rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) restriction analysis and sequence analysis of D1/D2 domain of 26S rRNA gene. Strains belong to Pichia manshurica (12), Pichia kudriavzevii (9), Pichia membranifaciens (1), Candida sojae (6), Candida parapsilosis (3), Candida sonorensis (1), Lodderomyces elongisporus (2), Sporopachydermia lactativora (3), and Clavispora lusitaniae (3) species. Regarding the adhesion properties, differences were observed among species. Yeasts preferred planktonic state when tested on polystyrene plates. On stainless-steel supports, adhered cells reached values of about 6 log CFU/mL. MAT structures were formed only by yeasts belonging to the Pichia genus. Yeast species showed different resistance to sanitizers, with peracetic acid being the most effective and active at low concentrations, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.08% (v/v) to 1% (v/v). C. parapsilosis was the most sensible species. Data could be exploited to develop sustainable strategies to reduce wine contamination and establish tailored sanitizing procedures.

The Flo Adhesin Family

“…Recently, it was identified in catheter-related bloodstream infections, where it was isolated from both blood and catheter tip cultures from patients [60,[331][332][333][334][335][336][337]. The adhesion of L. elongisporus to polystyrene and steel surfaces in vitro has been demonstrated [166]. We found one Flo11-type adhesin that contains one Flo11 domain in the N-terminal region of the protein as well as two flocculin type 3 repeats, in the Pfam database (Table 3).…”

“…C. parapsilosis is associated with a pronounced capacity to adhere to plastic surfaces and several other implanted devices, and consequently to the development of candidaemia related to catheters [153,183]. The adhesion of C. parapsilosis to polystyrene and steel surfaces has been demonstrated [166]. Pseudohyphal formation was also positively correlated with adhesion of C. parapsilosis complex strains abiotic surfaces, such as polystyrene and glass [183], and acrylic surfaces [184].…”

“…Amphotericin B resistance among isolates of C. lusitaniae has distinguished it among Candida species [165]. The adhesion of C. lusitaniae to abiotic surfaces (polystyrene and steel surfaces) has been demonstrated [166].…”

“…Recently, an outbreak of fungaemia in a neonatal intensive care unit due to P. kudriavzevii (a teleomorph of C. krusei) was reported [311]. P. kudriavzevii can adhere to intestinal cells although this is strongly strain dependent [312,313] as well as to abiotic surfaces such as polystyrene and stainless-steel surfaces [166]. We found two Flo11-type adhesins in the Pfam database: one that contains only one Flo11 domain and one that contains a Flo11 domain in the N-terminal region of the protein as well as two CMB_1 domains (Table 3).…”

“…W. anomalus is a very rare pathogen causing blood stream infections in neonates [275,[322][323][324][325]. It has been shown that W. anomalus can form biofilms on abiotic surfaces of a brewery plant [326] as well as on polystyrene and steel surfaces in vitro [166].…”