Adhesive ability means inhibition activities for lactobacillus against pathogens and S-layer protein plays an important role in adhesion

Role of S-layer proteins in bacteria

“…Several authors reported the role of SLPs in the bacterial capacity to auto-or coaggregate, and to adhere to several matrices, including gastrointestinal mucins, extracellular matrix macromolecules and epithelial cells (Sakakibara et al 2007;Hynönen and Palva 2013;Shimotahira et al 2013;Zhang et al 2013).…”

“…SLPs from both pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms have been involved in the interaction of bacteria with host immune system: interaction of SLP with toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) has been shown to be responsible for modulation of the pattern of cytokines released by monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells, while the protective role of SLPs against humoral defenses such as complement and antibodies, has been shown to contribute to the pathogenicity of some microorganisms (d). SLPs also act as mechanical barriers that stabilize and protect bacteria in harmful environments, contributing to their resistance to gastrointestinal conditions (i.e., low pH, proteolytic enzymes), to extreme environmental conditions (i.e., such as high temperatures, gamma radiation, high ionic strength and heavy metals), and even to provide resistance to predation by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorans in some species (e) World J Microbiol Biotechnol et al 2007;Hynönen and Palva 2013;Shimotahira et al 2013;Zhang et al 2013), biofilm formation (Dapa et al 2013), and evasion of the hosts immune response via modulation of T-cell responses, antigenic variation and protection from complement-mediated killing and phagocytosis (Thompson 2002;Ausiello et al 2006;Ryan et al 2011;Settem et al 2013;Taverniti et al 2013). Moreover, SLPs protect bacterial cells from environmental harmful factors including changes in environmental pH and mechanical and osmotic stresses (Engelhardt and Peters 1998;Gilmour et al 2000;Claus et al 2002;Engelhardt 2007), antimicrobial peptides or bacteriolytic enzymes (Lortal et al 1992), radiation (Kotiranta et al 1999) and bacteriophages and other microbial predators (Koval and Hynes 1991).…”

“…SLPs have been proven to be essential for the determination or maintenance of cell shape and functions as molecular sieves (Sleytr and Beveridge 1999), degradative enzymes (Calabi et al 2001;Ahn et al 2006;Prado Acosta et al 2008), binding scaffold for large molecules, ions (Gerbino et al 2015) or bacteriophages (Callegari et al 1998) and mediators for bacterial adhesion (Sakakibara et al 2007;Hynönen and Palva 2013;Shimotahira et al 2013;Zhang et al 2013). SLP also contribute to microorganisms pathogenicity through several mechanisms such as adhesion to hosts cells, extracellular matrix components and coaggregation with other microorganisms (Sakakibara b-e Some of the main functions ascribed to S-layer proteins in different bacterial species.…”

Cell surface proteins play an important role in probiotic activities of Lactobacillus reuteri

“…Cell surface proteins of lactobacillus were extracted by 5 M LiCl according to the method reported by Zhang et al [22]. L. reuteri LR6 showing maximum tolerance to simulated stomach and duodenum conditions and higher adherence to Caco-2 cell lines were incubated in 30 ml MRS broth.…”

“…The inhibition ability of Lactobacillus to pathogens adherence was performed according to the previous method with some modification [22]. Eight lactobacilli as mentioned above were used.…”