Adipo-Myokines: Two Sides of the Same Coin—Mediators of Inflammation and Mediators of Exercise

Raschke, Silja; Eckel, Jürgen

doi:10.1155/2013/320724

Cited by 251 publications

(216 citation statements)

References 173 publications

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“…Thus, it appears that time course changes of irisin concentrations in response to acute exercise are complex. Recent studies suggested that multiple sources (e.g., skeletal myocytes, adipocytes, cardiomyocytes and purkinje cells of cerebellum) for irisin production exist (Roca-Rivada et al 2013;Raschke and Eckel 2013;Dun et al 2013) and interactions with other cytokines and hormones (e.g., IL-6, BDNF, adiponectin) are involved (Pedersen and Febbraio 2012;Wrann et al 2013;Park et al 2013). These factors may explain, partially, the rapid reduction of irisin concentration immediately after LIE.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Intensity Exercise Causes Greater Irisin Response Compared with Low-Intensity Exercise under Similar Energy Consumption

Tsuchiya

Ando

Goto

et al. 2014

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

140

109

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Irisin is mainly released from skeletal muscle (myocytes) and promotes thermogenesis by browning of the white adipose tissue. Although exercise has been shown to increase irisin concentration in blood and myocytes via up-regulation peroxisome proliferator receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) expression, the influence of exercise intensity on irisin secretion remains unclear. Therefore, we determined circulating irisin responses following a single bout of running at different intensities. Six sedentary males underwent treadmill running under two different conditions: a low-intensity (40% of V 4 O 2max ) exercise trial (LIE) or a high-intensity (80% of V 4 O 2max ) exercise trial (HIE). The exercises in LIE and HIE were lasted for 20 and 40 min, respectively. All subjects underwent the two trials on separate days, and a randomized cross-over design was used. Blood samples were collected before (Pre) and immediately after exercise, at 3, 6, and 19 h after exercise. Energy consumption during exercise did not significantly differ between the two trials. HIE significantly increased blood lactate and serum lactate dehydrogenase levels (P < 0.05). Compared with pre-exercise levels, the irisin concentrations were elevated at 6 h (18% increase) and 19 h (23% increase) after HIE, but significantly decreased after LIE. The relative irisin concentrations (compared with pre-exercise levels) were significantly greater in HIE than in LIE immediately after exercise, and at 6 and 19 h after exercise (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that irisin secretion after acute running exercise is affected by exercise intensity, independent of energy consumption.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Intensity Exercise Causes Greater Irisin Response Compared with Low-Intensity Exercise under Similar Energy Consumption

Tsuchiya

Ando

Goto

et al. 2014

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

140

109

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“…Although several hundreds of myokines have been identified, information regarding their regulation by contraction or other stimuli is lacking in most cases. However, for a number of myokines, such as angiopoietin-like 4, IL-6, IL-15 and myostatin, skeletal muscle expression is enhanced and plasma concentrations are increased after exercise [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myokines in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

et al. 2014

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Skeletal muscle represents the largest organ of the body in non-obese individuals and is now considered to be an active endocrine organ releasing a host of so-called myokines. These myokines are part of a complex network that mediates communication between muscle, the liver, adipose tissue, the brain and other organs. Recent data suggest that myokines regulated by muscle contraction may play a key role in mediating the health-promoting effects of regular physical activity. Although hundreds of myokines have recently been described in proteomic studies, we currently have a rather limited knowledge of the specific role these myokines play in the prevention of insulin resistance, inflammation and associated metabolic dysfunction. Several myokines are known to have both local and endocrine functions, but in many cases the contribution of physical activity to the systemic level of these molecules remains as yet unexplored. Very recently, novel myokines such as irisin, which is thought to induce a white to brown shift in adipocytes, have gained considerable interest as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarise the most recent findings on the role of myokines in the regulation of substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity. We further explore the role of myokines in the regulation of inflammation and provide a critical assessment of irisin and other myokines regarding their potential as therapeutic targets.

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“…Many excellent reviews have tried to summarize the findings that skeletal muscle represents a secretory organ (2,(31)(32)(33)(34), having the capacity to release hundreds of myokines, and the possible clinical implications of this evidence. Currently myokines are defined as proteins produced by skeletal muscle that are not necessarily induced by exercise nor do they have to have a systemic function but only work with a paracrine or autocrine mechanism (2,35).…”

Section: Myokines Expression and Secretion By Skeletal Muscle Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights about the putative role of myokines in the context of cardiac rehabilitation and secondary cardiovascular prevention

et al. 2017

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Exercise training prevents the onset and the development of many chronic diseases, acting as an effective tool both for primary and for secondary prevention. Various mechanisms that may be the effectors of these beneficial effects have been proposed during the past decades: some of these are well recognized, others less. Muscular myokines, released during and after muscular contraction, have been proposed as key mediators of the systemic effects of the exercise. Nevertheless the availability of an impressive amount of evidence regarding the systemic effects of muscle-derived factors, few studies have examined key issues: (I) if skeletal muscle cells themselves are the main source of cytokine during exercise; (II) if the release of myokines into the systemic circulation reach an adequate concentration to provide significant effects in tissues far from skeletal muscle; (III) what may be the role carried out by muscular cytokine regarding the well-known benefits induced by regular exercise, first of all the anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. Furthermore, a greater part of our knowledge regarding myokines derives from the muscle of healthy subjects. This knowledge may not necessarily be transferred per se to subjects with chronic diseases implicating a direct or indirect muscular dysfunction and/or a chronic state of inflammation with persistent immune-inflammatory activation (and therefore increased circulating levels of some cytokines): cachexia, sarcopenia due to multiple factors, disability caused by neurological damage, chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) or coronary artery disease (CAD). A key point of future studies is to ascertain how is modified the muscular release of myokines in different categories of unhealthy subjects, both at baseline and after rehabilitation. The purpose of this review is to discuss the main findings on the role of myokines as putative mediators of the therapeutic benefits obtained through regular exercise in the context of secondary cardiovascular prevention.

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Adipo-Myokines: Two Sides of the Same Coin—Mediators of Inflammation and Mediators of Exercise

Cited by 251 publications

References 173 publications

High-Intensity Exercise Causes Greater Irisin Response Compared with Low-Intensity Exercise under Similar Energy Consumption

High-Intensity Exercise Causes Greater Irisin Response Compared with Low-Intensity Exercise under Similar Energy Consumption

Myokines in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

New insights about the putative role of myokines in the context of cardiac rehabilitation and secondary cardiovascular prevention

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