Adipocyte differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Cross talk with the osteoblastogenic program

Abstract

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells, which among other cell lineages, give rise to adipocytes and osteoblasts. Within the bone marrow, the differentiation of MSCs into adipocytes or osteoblasts is competitively balanced; mechanisms that promote one cell fate actively suppress mechanisms that induce the alternative lineage. This occurs through the cross talk between complex signaling pathways including those derived from bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), winglesstype MMTV integration site (Wnt) proteins, hedgehogs, delta/jagged proteins, fibroblastic growth factors (FGF), insulin, insulin-like growth factors (IGF), and transcriptional regulators of adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR gamma) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Here, we discuss the molecular regulation of bone marrow adipogenesis with emphasis on signals that interact with osteoblastogenic pathways and highlight the possible therapeutic implications of these interactions.

Low Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound (LIPUS) Influences the Multilineage Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem and Progenitor Cell Lines through ROCK-Cot/Tpl2-MEK-ERK Signaling Pathway

“…Thus, it is important to identify the types of cells in bone marrow that are responsible for the clinical effectiveness of LIPUS. Bone marrow stroma contains MSCs, multilineage progenitor cells that can differentiate into various cell types, including osteoblasts and adipocytes (26). Previous studies have shown that mechanical stress regulates osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts (27), and osteoblasts are considered to be a major target cell type of LIPUS in bone marrow (28 -31).…”

“…For example, hind limb suspension of rats, an established animal model of skeletal unloading, inhibits long bone formation due to impaired recruitment and functions of osteoblasts (34). Conversely, skeletal immobilization is also known to increase adipogenesis in human bone marrow in addition to its negative effects on osteogenesis (26). These previous findings have indicated that mechanical loading of bone presumably affects MSC differentiation manners toward osteogenesis rather than adipogenesis in bone marrow.…”

A Lox/CHOP‐10 crosstalk governs osteogenic and adipogenic cell fate by MSCs

“…Bone is a pivotal tissue that provides structural support and physical protection to various organs within the body 1, 2. Bone dysfunction is associated with diverse conditions, such as osteoporosis, fracture and rheumatoid arthritis 1.…”

Osteoblast-specific expression of MEF induces osteopenia through downregulation of osteoblastogenesis and upregulation of osteoclastogenesis

“…(25) The detailed mechanism of increased adipogenesis in TG mice needs to be elucidated in further studies.…”