Adipocytokine expression, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and TGF-β1/Smad signaling activity in diabetic patients complicated with pulmonary infection

Abstract

Objective To investigate adipocytokine expression levels, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smad signaling activity in diabetic patients with pulmonary infection. Methods Eighty-two type 2 diabetic patients with pulmonary infection were included in the observation group and 75 patients with simple type 2 diabetes were recruited into the control group. The fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and PLR in the two groups were compared. Complement-C1q/tumor necrosis factor related protein 3 (CTRP-3), complement-C1q/tumor necrosis factor related protein 9 (CTRP-9), leptin, adiponectin, and TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was detected. Results Compared with patients in the control group, patients in the observation group presented with increased levels of FGB, HbA1c, and leptin, an increase in the PLR, and decreased serum CTRP-3, CTRP-9, and adiponectin levels. TGF-β1, p-Smad2, and p-Smad3 protein expression levels were up-regulated in PBMCs from patients in the observation group compared with the control group. Conclusions These results show that in type 2 diabetic patients with pulmonary infection, adipocytokine expression is altered, PLR is disturbed, and the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathways in PBMCs are significantly activated.

C1q/Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Protein 9: Basics and Therapeutic Potentials

“…CTRP9 improved cell viability and attenuated oxidative stress and apoptosis by activating AMPK/nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 pathway in high glucose induced ARPE-19 cells (Cheng et al, 2020), suggesting CTRP9 may be a promising functional target for the treatment and prevention of DR. Otherwise, serum CTRP9 levels decreased significantly in T2DM patients with pulmonary infection (Zha et al, 2020). Serum levels of CTRP9 during the first trimester of pregnancy were significantly decreased in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus compared with those in healthy individuals and were negatively correlated with the BMI or oral glucose tolerance test (Na and Ji, 2020), which was corresponded to the research performed by Xia et al (2020).…”

Putative therapeutic impacts of cardiac CTRP9 in ischaemia/reperfusion injury

“…Besides, the results of a clinical study demonstrated that serum levels of CTRP9 were significantly diminished in diabetic patients with pulmonary infection 82 and the first trimester of pregnancy among women with gestational diabetes 83,84 85 .…”

“…Besides, the results of a clinical study demonstrated that serum levels of CTRP9 were significantly diminished in diabetic patients with pulmonary infection 82 and the first trimester of pregnancy among women with gestational diabetes. 83 , 84 Notably, CTRP9 exerted a protective role against diabetic nephropathy, as well as kidney fibrosis in vivo by inhibiting glomerular and tubular glycogen accumulation, apoptosis, and hyperglycaemia‐mediated oxidative stress.…”

“…54,79,80 It has also been indicated that serum levels of CTRP9 were remarkably correlated with systolic pressure and C-reactive protein levels in diabetic subjects. 80 In addition, circulating CTRP9 is positively associated with obesity markers and insulin resistance, including body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBS) level, insulin and LDL-C. 81 Besides, the results of a clinical study demonstrated that serum levels of CTRP9 were significantly diminished in diabetic patients with pulmonary infection 82 and the first trimester of pregnancy among women with gestational diabetes. 83,84 Notably, CTRP9 exerted a protective role against diabetic nephropathy, as well as kidney fibrosis in vivo by inhibiting glomerular and tubular glycogen accumulation, apoptosis, and hyperglycaemia-mediated oxidative stress.…”