Adipokines, Hepatokines and Myokines: Focus on Their Role and Molecular Mechanisms in Adipose Tissue Inflammation

Ren, Yakun; Zhao, Hao; Chen, Yin; Lan, Xi; Wu, Litao; Du, Xin; Griffiths, Helen R.; Gao, Dan

doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.873699

Cited by 86 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 389 publications

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“…Resistin is an example of another adipokine in which serum levels are altered in the course of obesity. Resistin is secreted by macrophages infiltrating adipose tissue and by activating the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), increases the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules that attract more immunocompetent cells to the adipose tissue, as well as endothelin-1 involved in the process of endothelial dysfunction [ 138 ]. Finding that resistin serum levels differ, in a species-specific manner, between genders both in rodents and in humans suggests a possible involvement of sex steroids in regulating RSTN gene expression [ 139 ].…”

Section: Estrogens In the Regulation Of Adipose Tissue Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estrogens in Adipose Tissue Physiology and Obesity-Related Dysfunction

Kuryłowicz

2023

Biomedicines

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Menopause-related decline in estrogen levels is accompanied by a change in adipose tissue distribution from a gynoid to an android and an increased prevalence of obesity in women. These unfavorable phenomena can be partially restored by hormone replacement therapy, suggesting a significant role for estrogen in the regulation of adipocytes’ function. Indeed, preclinical studies proved the involvement of these hormones in adipose tissue development, metabolism, and inflammatory activity. However, the relationship between estrogen and obesity is bidirectional. On the one hand-their deficiency leads to excessive fat accumulation and impairs adipocyte function, on the other-adipose tissue of obese individuals is characterized by altered expression of estrogen receptors and key enzymes involved in their synthesis. This narrative review aims to summarize the role of estrogen in adipose tissue development, physiology, and in obesity-related dysfunction. Firstly, the estrogen classification, synthesis, and modes of action are presented. Next, their role in regulating adipogenesis and adipose tissue activity in health and the course of obesity is described. Finally, the potential therapeutic applications of estrogen and its derivates in obesity treatment are discussed.

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Section: Estrogens In the Regulation Of Adipose Tissue Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estrogens in Adipose Tissue Physiology and Obesity-Related Dysfunction

Kuryłowicz

2023

Biomedicines

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“…As an example, metabolic organs defined as adipose tissue, gut, skeletal muscle and liver, can communicate with macrophages infiltrated into the adipose tissue in obesity cases ( 321 ). Similarly somehow, exercise-induced soluble factors among which adipokines, myokines, osteokines contribute to redistributed energy, appetite control, fat loss and reduced systemic inflammation ( 322 , 323 ). Therein, the adipose tissue appears as an endocrine organ that interacts with others through cross talking with the endothelial cells of the blood vessels ( 287 ).…”

Section: New Approaches To Specific Analysis Of Tissue Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in the crosstalk between adipose, muscle and bone tissues in fish

et al. 2023

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Control of tissue metabolism and growth involves interactions between organs, tissues, and cell types, mediated by cytokines or direct communication through cellular exchanges. Indeed, over the past decades, many peptides produced by adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and bone named adipokines, myokines and osteokines respectively, have been identified in mammals playing key roles in organ/tissue development and function. Some of them are released into the circulation acting as classical hormones, but they can also act locally showing autocrine/paracrine effects. In recent years, some of these cytokines have been identified in fish models of biomedical or agronomic interest. In this review, we will present their state of the art focusing on local actions and inter-tissue effects. Adipokines reported in fish adipocytes include adiponectin and leptin among others. We will focus on their structure characteristics, gene expression, receptors, and effects, in the adipose tissue itself, mainly regulating cell differentiation and metabolism, but in muscle and bone as target tissues too. Moreover, lipid metabolites, named lipokines, can also act as signaling molecules regulating metabolic homeostasis. Regarding myokines, the best documented in fish are myostatin and the insulin-like growth factors. This review summarizes their characteristics at a molecular level, and describes both, autocrine effects and interactions with adipose tissue and bone. Nonetheless, our understanding of the functions and mechanisms of action of many of these cytokines is still largely incomplete in fish, especially concerning osteokines (i.e., osteocalcin), whose potential cross talking roles remain to be elucidated. Furthermore, by using selective breeding or genetic tools, the formation of a specific tissue can be altered, highlighting the consequences on other tissues, and allowing the identification of communication signals. The specific effects of identified cytokines validated through in vitro models or in vivo trials will be described. Moreover, future scientific fronts (i.e., exosomes) and tools (i.e., co-cultures, organoids) for a better understanding of inter-organ crosstalk in fish will also be presented. As a final consideration, further identification of molecules involved in inter-tissue communication will open new avenues of knowledge in the control of fish homeostasis, as well as possible strategies to be applied in aquaculture or biomedicine.

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“…This extremely complex network regulates human metabolism and ensures the maintenance of energy homeostasis in physiological conditions. However, different pathological states characterized by an altered energy balance are often accompanied by changes in adipokine expression or plasma levels that usually vary in a direct or inverse proportion to adipose tissue content [ 7 , 8 ]. This observation encourages the research on adipokines and their mechanisms of action in order to recognize them as possible diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers or new therapeutics for diseases with altered energy balance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining the Molecular Mechanisms of the Relaxant Action of Adiponectin on Murine Gastric Fundus Smooth Muscle: Potential Translational Perspectives on Eating Disorder Management

Garella

Cassioli

Chellini

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Adiponectin (ADPN), a hormone produced by adipose tissue, facilitates gastric relaxation and can be a satiety signal in the network connecting peripheral organs and the central nervous system for feeding behavior control. Here, we performed preclinical research by morpho-functional analyses on murine gastric fundus smooth muscle to add insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning ADPN action. Moreover, we conducted a clinical study to evaluate the potential use of ADPN as a biomarker for eating disorders (ED) based on the demonstrated gastric alterations and hormone level fluctuations that are often associated with ED. The clinical study recruited patients with ED and healthy controls who underwent blood draws for ADPN dosage and psychopathology evaluation tests. The findings of this basic research support the ADPN relaxant action, as indicated by the smooth muscle cell membrane pro-relaxant effects, with mild modifications of contractile apparatus and slight inhibitory effects on gap junctions. All of these actions engaged the ADPN/nitric oxide/guanylate cyclase pathway. The clinical data failed to unravel a correlation between ADPN levels and the considered ED, thus negating the potential use of ADPN as a valid biomarker for ED management for the moment. Nevertheless, this adipokine can modulate physiological eating behavior, and its effects deserve further investigation.

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Adipokines, Hepatokines and Myokines: Focus on Their Role and Molecular Mechanisms in Adipose Tissue Inflammation

Cited by 86 publications

References 389 publications

Estrogens in Adipose Tissue Physiology and Obesity-Related Dysfunction

Estrogens in Adipose Tissue Physiology and Obesity-Related Dysfunction

Recent advances in the crosstalk between adipose, muscle and bone tissues in fish

Defining the Molecular Mechanisms of the Relaxant Action of Adiponectin on Murine Gastric Fundus Smooth Muscle: Potential Translational Perspectives on Eating Disorder Management

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