Adiponectin in breast milk: relation to serum adiponectin concentration in lactating mothers and their infants

Savino, Francesco; Lupica, MM; Benetti, Stefania; Petrucci, E.; Liguori, Stefania Alfonsina; Montezemolo, Luca Cordero di

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02744.x

Cited by 42 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Median levels of adiponectin in our study were substantially lower (by a factor of 2-5) than those reported from women in Italy, Mexico, and the United States (Woo et al 2009;Savino et al 2012). We also observed variation in EGF as a negative function of infant age ( Figure 4B), a result that agrees well with earlier studies (Donovan and Odle 1994).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Mount Pinatubo, Inflammatory Cytokines, and the Immunological Ecology of Aeta Hunter-Gatherers

Bernstein

Dominy

2013

Human Biology

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Early growth cessation and reproduction are predicted to maximize fitness under conditions of high adult mortality, factors that could explain the pygmy phenotype of many rainforest hunter-gatherers. This lifehistory hypothesis is elegant but contentious in part because it lacks a clear biological mechanism. One mechanism stems from the field of human immunological ecology and the concept of inflammation "memory" across the life cycle and into subsequent generations. Maternal exposures to disease can infl uence immunological cues present in breast milk; because maternal provisioning via lactation occurs during critical periods of development, it is plausible that these cues can also mediate early growth cessation and small body size. Such epigenetic hypotheses are difficult to test, but the concept of developmental programming is attractive because it could explain how the stature of a population can change over time, in terms of both secular increases and rapid intergenerational decreases. Here we explore this concept by focusing on the Aeta, a population of former hunter-gatherers, and the Ilocano, a population of rice farmers. We predicted that Aeta mothers would produce breast milk with higher concentrations of four bioactive factors due to high infectious burdens. Further, we predicted that the concentrations of these factors would be highest in the cohort of women born in the early 1990s, when exposure to infectious disease was acute following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991. We analyzed levels of adiponectin, C-reactive protein, and epidermal growth factor in the milk of 24 Aeta and 31 Ilocano women and found no detectable differences, whereas levels of transforming growth factor-β 2 were elevated among the Aeta, particularly as a function of maternal age. We found no difference between cohorts divided by the volcanic eruption (n = 43 born before, n = 12 born after). We discuss the implications of our findings for the terminal investment hypothesis and we suggest that the historical ecology of the Aeta is a promising model system for testing epigenetic hypotheses focused on the evolution of small body size. Abstract Early growth cessation and reproduction are predicted to maximize fitness under conditions of high adult mortality, factors that could explain the pygmy phenotype of many rainforest hunter-gatherers. This life-history hypothesis is elegant but contentious in part because it lacks a clear biological mechanism. One mechanism stems from the field of human immunological ecology and the concept of inflammation "memory" across the life cycle and into subsequent generations. Maternal exposures to disease can infl uence immunological cues present in breast milk; because maternal provisioning via lactation occurs during critical periods of development, it is plausible that these cues can also mediate early growth cessation and small body size. Such epigenetic hypotheses are difficult to test, but the concept of developmental programming is attractive because it could explain how the...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Mount Pinatubo, Inflammatory Cytokines, and the Immunological Ecology of Aeta Hunter-Gatherers

Bernstein

Dominy

2013

Human Biology

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“…In contrast, maternal serum concentrations of adiponectin are lower if weight and BMI are higher [29,30]. Results associating maternal BMI and adiponectin concentrations in HM are conflicting [25], with several studies showing no associations [11,31,32] and two studies counter-intuitively reporting a positive association [33,34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between Maternal Body Composition and Appetite Hormones and Macronutrients in Human Milk

et al. 2017

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Human milk (HM) appetite hormones and macronutrients may mediate satiety in breastfed infants. This study investigated associations between maternal adiposity and concentrations of HM leptin, adiponectin, protein and lactose, and whether these concentrations and the relationship between body mass index and percentage fat mass (%FM) in a breastfeeding population change over the first year of lactation. Lactating women (n = 59) provided milk samples (n = 283) at the 2nd, 5th, 9th and/or 12th month of lactation. Concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, total protein and lactose were measured. Maternal %FM was measured using bioimpedance spectroscopy. Higher maternal %FM was associated with higher leptin concentrations in both whole (0.006 ± 0.002 ng/mL, p = 0.008) and skim HM (0.005 ± 0.002 ng/mL, p = 0.007), and protein (0.16 ± 0.07 g/L, p = 0.028) concentrations. Adiponectin and lactose concentrations were not associated with %FM (0.01 ± 0.06 ng/mL, p = 0.81; 0.08 ± 0.11 g/L, p = 0.48, respectively). Whole milk concentrations of adiponectin and leptin did not differ significantly over the first year of lactation. These findings suggest that the level of maternal adiposity during lactation may influence the early appetite programming of breastfed infants by modulating concentrations of HM components.

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“…The complex system of breastfeeding-mediated appetite regulation is attributable to various factors associated with the practice of breastfeeding, such as feeding on demand, but also potentially to a host of appetite regulatory molecules present in HM [4]. These include whey and casein proteins, HM oligosaccharides, and recently discovered in HM appetite regulatory hormones, including the well-documented adipokine leptin, adiponectin, and many others [10,11,12,13,14]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leptin Levels Are Higher in Whole Compared to Skim Human Milk, Supporting a Cellular Contribution

et al. 2016

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Human milk (HM) contains a plethora of metabolic hormones, including leptin, which is thought to participate in the regulation of the appetite of the developing infant. Leptin in HM is derived from a combination of de novo mammary synthesis and transfer from the maternal serum. Moreover, leptin is partially lipophilic and is also present in HM cells. However, leptin has predominately been measured in skim HM, which contains neither fat nor cells. We optimised an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for leptin measurement in both whole and skim HM and compared leptin levels between both HM preparations collected from 61 lactating mothers. Whole HM leptin ranged from 0.2 to 1.47 ng/mL, whilst skim HM leptin ranged from 0.19 to 0.9 ng/mL. Whole HM contained, on average, 0.24 ± 0.01 ng/mL more leptin than skim HM (p < 0.0001, n = 287). No association was found between whole HM leptin and fat content (p = 0.17, n = 287), supporting a cellular contribution to HM leptin. No difference was found between pre- and post-feed samples (whole HM: p = 0.29, skim HM: p = 0.89). These findings highlight the importance of optimising HM leptin measurement and assaying it in whole HM to accurately examine the amount of leptin received by the infant during breastfeeding.

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Adiponectin in breast milk: relation to serum adiponectin concentration in lactating mothers and their infants

Abstract: The observed correlations between adiponectin in mothers, HM and BF infants may be suggestive for a metabolic link between nurses and infants through milk.

Cited by 42 publications

References 29 publications

Mount Pinatubo, Inflammatory Cytokines, and the Immunological Ecology of Aeta Hunter-Gatherers

Mount Pinatubo, Inflammatory Cytokines, and the Immunological Ecology of Aeta Hunter-Gatherers

Associations between Maternal Body Composition and Appetite Hormones and Macronutrients in Human Milk

Leptin Levels Are Higher in Whole Compared to Skim Human Milk, Supporting a Cellular Contribution

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