Adiponectin in relation to exercise and physical performance in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease

Abstract

Introduction: Adipokines, expressed by adipose tissue (AT), have been associated with metabolic disturbances and coronary artery disease (CAD). The impact of exercise training on the AT in patients suffering from both diabetes and CAD is unknown. To gain knowledge on changes in ATs’ inflammatory profile in such a population, we investigated the effects of long-term exercise on selected adipokines and their associations with physical performance and glucometabolic variables. Adiponectin was selected based on its anti-atherogenic and anti-diabetic properties and visfatin and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) for their association with atherosclerosis and metabolic disorders. Not many studies have focused on the effects of long-term exercise training on adipokines in patients with concomitant T2DM and CAD. Methods: Patients with type 2 diabetes and CAD (n = 137), 41–81 years, 17.2% females, were randomized in a 1:1 manner to an exercise group, who underwent 1 year of 150 min weekly combined strength and endurance exercise, or a control group. AT from the gluteal region and blood samples were obtained at baseline and after 12 months, along with a physical performance test, assessed by the VO 2 peak. Circulating protein levels were measured by ELISA. RNA was extracted from AT and expression levels were relatively quantified by PCR. Results: After 1 year, no significant difference in the change in the investigated markers between the intervention group and the control group was observed. Changes in circulating adiponectin and VO 2 peak correlated in the total population (r = 0.256, p = 0.008). At baseline, circulating adiponectin and TNF correlated inversely with insulin and with C-peptide and VO 2 peak, respectively (p < 0.001, all). Conclusion: In this population with concomitant diabetes and CAD, ATs’ inflammatory profile remained unchanged apparently after 1 year of exercise intervention. Changes in the VO 2 peak were nevertheless, related to changes in circulating adiponectin levels. Trial registration: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01232608.

Exploring exercise-driven exerkines: unraveling the regulation of metabolism and inflammation

“…Adiponectin exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects in various tissues, including skeletal muscle, which inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF-α and IL-6) and enhances the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10 (IL-10) ( Yanai & Yoshida, 2019 ; Zhang et al, 2009a ). This balance in cytokine production helps in the resolution of inflammation and prevents chronic low-grade inflammation, commonly associated with metabolic disorders ( Zaidi et al, 2021 ). Furthermore, studies in humans have shown increased circulating levels of adiponectin following exercise, particularly aerobic exercise ( Yu et al, 2017 ).…”

A Narrative Review on Adipose Tissue and Overtraining: Shedding Light on the Interplay among Adipokines, Exercise and Overtraining

“…Besides the relation between adiponectin and body composition, it has been hypothesized that physical exercise exerts its beneficial effects through the regulation of adiponectin, making this adipokine an interesting molecular target. Indeed, when considering physical activity as a non-pharmacological intervention for the management of metabolic disorders, metabolic improvements mediated by physical activity are associated with changes in adiponectin serum levels [109][110][111][112].…”

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“…As shown by its catabolic effect on adipose tissue and enhanced peripheral glucose uptake after TNF was neutralised in obese rats, TNF plays a significant role in the onset of insulin resistance and diabetes as a result of obesity 37 Perivascular adipose tissue is prominent to have plays a significant part inside the encouragement of vascular dysfunction through the pro-inflammatory and prooxidant milieu that interacts within the artery wall. The development of vascular disease associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity, as well as vascular dysfunction, are now recognized to be largely influenced by inflammation.…”