Adipose Fin as a Natural “Optical Window” for Implantation of Fluorescent Sensors into Salmonid Fish

Rzhechitskiy, Y A; Gurkov, Anton; Bolbat, Nadezhda; Shchapova, Ekaterina; Nazarova, Anna; Timofeyev, Maxim A.; Borvinskaya, Ekaterina

doi:10.3390/ani12213042

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Various synthetic non−biodegradable hydrogels are used to enclose microparticles in inert polymeric scaffolds, which are considered biocompatible, although the immune response to the implant can never be reduced to zero [ 4 , 6 , 27 ]. Previously, we have shown that polyacrylamide, at a monomer concentration of 13%, is able to prevent the destruction of injected polymeric microcapsules by immune cells in vivo for up to at least 9 days [ 16 ]. Then, semi−liquid 2.5% PAAH has been proposed as an appropriate carrier for micron−sized sensors due to the ease of fabrication and administration into tissues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have recently shown that in salmonids, one of the top three groups of farmed fish worldwide [ 15 ], the highly translucent adipose fin can be conveniently used for the application of implanted optical sensors [ 16 ]. In particular, implantation into the adipose fin of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss resulted in over 15−fold more intense fluorescence from the sensor compared to fish skin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tissue Reaction to Low-Density Polyacrylamide Gel as a Carrier for Microimplants in the Adipose Fin of Rainbow Trout

Borvinskaya

Matrosova

Sukhovskaya

et al. 2023

Gels

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The implantation of optical sensors is a promising method for monitoring physiological parameters of organisms in vivo. For this, suitable hydrogels are required that can provide a biocompatible interface with the organism’s tissues. Amorphous hydrogel is advantageous for administration in animal organs due to its ease of injection compared to resilient analogs. In this study, we investigated the applicability of a semi-liquid 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAH) as a scaffold for fluorescent polyelectrolyte microcapsules (PMs) in rainbow trout. The hydrogel was injected subcutaneously into the adipose fin, which is a small, highly translucent fold of skin in salmonids that is convenient for implanting optical sensors. Using histological methods, we compared tissue organization and in vivo stability of the applied hydrogel at the injection site after administration of uncoated PMs or PMs coated with 2.5% PAAH (PMs-PAAH) for a period of 3 to 14 days. Our results showed that the introduction of PMs into the gel did not have a masking effect, as they were recognized, engulfed, and carried away by phagocytes from the injection site. However, both PMs and PMs-PAAH were found to provoke chronic inflammation at the injection site, although according to cytokine expression in the fish spleen, the irritating effect was local and did not affect the systemic immunity of the fish. Therefore, our study suggests low applicability of 2.5% polyacrylamide as a scaffold for injectable sensors within a timeframe of days.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue Reaction to Low-Density Polyacrylamide Gel as a Carrier for Microimplants in the Adipose Fin of Rainbow Trout

Borvinskaya

Matrosova

Sukhovskaya

et al. 2023

Gels

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“…91 Direct fluorescence biosensor is commonly used for biosensing, which contains a specific ligand tagged with a fluorescent label (Figure 2c (I)) that selectively interacts with the target analyte, yielding a fluorescence intensity (FI) proportional to the analyte's concentration. 92 For instance, Rzhechitskiy et al 93 have engineered fluorescent pH sensors embedded within the adipose fin, employing SNARF-1 as a well-characterized pH-sensitive molecular probe. SNARF-1 exhibits pH-dependent alteration in its fluorescence emission spectrum from yellow-orange to deep red.…”

Section: Fluorescence-based and Chemiluminescence-based Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Development of Implantable Chemical Sensors Utilizing Flexible and Biodegradable Materials for Biomedical Applications

Hu,

Wang,

Liu

et al. 2024

ACS Nano

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Implantable chemical sensors built with flexible and biodegradable materials exhibit immense potential for seamless integration with biological systems by matching the mechanical properties of soft tissues and eliminating device retraction procedures. Compared with conventional hospital-based blood tests, implantable chemical sensors have the capability to achieve real-time monitoring with high accuracy of important biomarkers such as metabolites, neurotransmitters, and proteins, offering valuable insights for clinical applications. These innovative sensors could provide essential information for preventive diagnosis and effective intervention. To date, despite extensive research on flexible and bioresorbable materials for implantable electronics, the development of chemical sensors has faced several challenges related to materials and device design, resulting in only a limited number of successful accomplishments. This review highlights recent advancements in implantable chemical sensors based on flexible and biodegradable materials, encompassing their sensing strategies, materials strategies, and geometric configurations. The following discussions focus on demonstrated detection of various objects including ions, small molecules, and a few examples of macromolecules using flexible and/or bioresorbable implantable chemical sensors. Finally, we will present current challenges and explore potential future directions.

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“…Fluorescent sensors are one of the most common types of implantable optical sensors due to the relative simplicity of their preparation and their bright luminescence [8][9][10][11][12]. The fluorescent component in such sensors, after interaction with the target molecule, significantly changes either its spectrum or the intensity of fluorescence; in the last case, an insensitive reference fluorescent dye is needed for the ratiometric measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turn a Shrimp into a Firefly: Monitoring Tissue pH in Small Crustaceans Using an Injectable Hydrogel Sensor with Infrared Excitation and Visible Luminescence

Nazarova,

Gurkov,

Rzhechitskiy

et al. 2023

Photonics

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Various implantable optical sensors are an emerging tool in animal physiology and medicine that may provide real-time information about body fluids without tissue extraction. Such sensors are often fluorescence-based and require strong visible external illumination during signal acquisition, which causes anxiety or even stress for small animals and thus may influence the physiological parameters being measured. In order to overcome this obstacle, here, we combined a fluorescent molecular pH probe with upconverting particles within a hydrogel fiber suitable for injection into small crustaceans. The green luminescence of the particles under non-visible infrared illumination excited fluorescence of the molecular probe and allowed for pH measurements after correction of the probe readout for luminescence intensity. The developed optical setup based on a common microscope ensured effective visualization of the sensor and spectral pH measurements through the translucent exoskeleton of the amphipod (Amphipoda, Crustacea) Eulimnogammarus verrucosus, endemic to ancient Lake Baikal. Testing the sensors in these cold-loving crustaceans under environmentally relevant temperature increases showed alkalization of amphipod internal media by 0.2 soon after the start of the experiment, while further increases led to acidification by 0.5. The applied approach for simple sensor preparation can be useful in building other implantable optical sensors for light-sensitive organisms.

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Adipose Fin as a Natural “Optical Window” for Implantation of Fluorescent Sensors into Salmonid Fish

Cited by 3 publications

References 58 publications

Tissue Reaction to Low-Density Polyacrylamide Gel as a Carrier for Microimplants in the Adipose Fin of Rainbow Trout

Tissue Reaction to Low-Density Polyacrylamide Gel as a Carrier for Microimplants in the Adipose Fin of Rainbow Trout

Recent Development of Implantable Chemical Sensors Utilizing Flexible and Biodegradable Materials for Biomedical Applications

Turn a Shrimp into a Firefly: Monitoring Tissue pH in Small Crustaceans Using an Injectable Hydrogel Sensor with Infrared Excitation and Visible Luminescence

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