Adipose Tissue Engineering by Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells

Abstract

Tissue engineering has emerged as a promising alternative approach to current clinical treatments for restoration of soft tissue defects. The purpose of this study was to investigate adipose tissue formation in vitro and in vivo by using human adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) utilizing a gelatin sponge (Gelform®) as a scaffold. Adipogenic potentials of human ADSCs were demonstrated by Oil-O-red staining and cellular morphology. After seeding human ADSCs in a density of 3 × 10⁶ cells/ml on three-dimensional gelatin sponges, tissue-engineered constructs were exposed to adipogenic differentiation medium for in vitro studies and implanted in the backs of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice for in vivo adipose regeneration. Adipogenesis of ADSC-seeded gelatin sponges was confirmed by Oil-O-red staining after 4 weeks of in vitro incubation. The optical density of the elution from Oil-O-red staining of adipogenic constructs is significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05, n = 4). With short-term in vitro differentiation, adipogenic constructs turned into fat tissue 4 weeks after in vivo implantation, confirmed by biochemical and immunohistochemical examination. No adipogenic-morphological change or fat formation was observed in in vitro or in vivo studies when ADSCs were exposed to a control medium without adipogenic stimulation. These results indicate that engineered adipose tissue can be achieved using human ADSCs and biocompatible and degradable gelatin sponges.

Human adipose-derived stem cells for the treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage in rats via femoral intravenous injection

“…6 and Fig. 7), as reported previously by others [14,16,18,20,32]. We used the huADSC generated from the fat tissue of a 65-year-old donor to treat ICH inflicted rats and evaluated functional behavior of the rats for 28 days.…”

“…Many studies have indicated that human adipose-derived adult stem cells are a population of mesenchymal stem cells and demonstrated differentiation of stem cells into adipocytes, chondrocytes, myocytes, osteoblasts and neural progenitor cells after chemical inductions [14,16,18,20,32]. Transplantation of matured adipocyte-derived cells and dedifferentiated fat cells to promote functional recovery from spinal cord injury-induced motor dysfunction in rats was reported [20] and an attempt of cellular therapy employing human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells for rats with cerebral ischemia after MCAO resulted in significant functional improvement [17].…”

“…Brain edema formation and BBB (blood-brain barrier) disruption, caused by both hematomal and peri-hematomal injuries, have also been reported to be an important component of brain injury after ICH [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Mesenchymal stem cells generated from murine or human adipose tissues have been well documented [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] and have been named as adipose-derived stem cells [14,15,19,20], adipose-derived adult stem cells [21], adipose derived stromal cells [16], adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells [18], adipose tissuederived stem cells [13], and adipose tissue stromal cells [17]. Systemic transplantation of human adipose-derived stem cells to attenuate cerebral inflammation and to facilitate motion recovery of rats from cerebral degeneration induced by ICH has been attempted [23].…”

Dedifferentiated fat cells: an alternative source of adult multipotent cells from the adipose tissues

“…First, a thorough digestion and disperse is required to obtain purified adipocytes. Fat tissue has complex cellular composition, including adipocytes, ASCs, preadipocyte, fibroblasts, blood cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, smooth muscle cells and so on [3,9,25,[27][28][29][30][31][32]. The purity of derived DFAT cells might be compromised by the contamination of those cells above when they're attached to the floating adipocytes after incomplete enzymatic treatment.…”

BMP-2 promotes chondrogenesis of rat adipose-derived stem cells by using a lentiviral system

“…ADSCs can also be induced to produce mineralized substrates when cultured under osteogenic conditions in vitro (Leong et al, 2008). It has also been shown that human ADSCs inoculated into mice with severe combined immunodeficiency could form bones in vivo (Hong et al, 2006). Lentiviruses, which are based on the human immunodeficiency virus, have been used as delivery systems to insert genetic information into the DNA of host cells.…”