Adipose tissue fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction—a case-control study

Pedersen, JI; Ringstad, Jetmund; Almendingen, Kari; Haugen, TS; Stensvold, Inger; Thelle, Dag S.

doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601064

Cited by 93 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Lifestyle factors have been adjusted for in the statistical model, but there may be differences between the two groups in other lifestyle factors than those adjusted for in this study, for instance diet. The content of trans fatty acids in adipose tissue was higher among cases than among controls, which probably reflects a higher intake of margarine among cases (Pedersen et al, 2000). In addition, the control subjects had a significantly higher intake of vegetables, fruit, berries, cereals, fat fish and wine than cases (paper under preparation).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The fatty acid analysis of adipose tissue samples has been described in detail in an earlier paper (Pedersen et al, 2000). In short, lipid extraction from adipose tissue and direct methanolysis were modified from Viga and Grahl-Nielsen (1990).…”

Section: Fatty Acids In Adipose Tissue Biopsiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This work is part of a larger study investigating the association between fatty acid composition in adipose tissue and serum lipids, and risk of a first MI (Pedersen et al, 2000;Yli-Jama et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intake of milk fat, reflected in adipose tissue fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction: a case–control study

et al. 2005

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Objective: To study the association between content of fatty acids from milk fat (14:0, 15:0 and 17:0) in adipose tissue and risk of a first myocardial infarction (MI). Design and subjects: A case-control study with 99 patients and 98 population controls both men and postmenopausal women, age 45-75 year. Adipose tissue fatty acids were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Results: The content of 14:0, 14:1, 15:0, 17:0 and 17:1 were all significantly higher in adipose tissue of controls than of the patients. Age and sex adjusted odds ratios (OR) for MI were significantly reduced with increasing quartiles of 14:0, 14:1, 15:0 and 17:1 in adipose tissue, but except for 15:0 (OR ¼ 0.36, 95% CI 0.13-0.99), the trend was no longer significant after further adjustment for waist-to-hip ratio, smoking and family history for coronary heart disease. Correlations between 14:0 and 15:0 in adipose tissue, and waist-to-hip ratio were significantly negative (r ¼ À0.22 for both, Po0.01). Conclusion: Our study suggests that intake of dairy fat or some other component of dairy products, as reflected by C15:0 as marker in adipose tissue, may protect persons at increased risk from having a first MI, and that the causal effects may rely on other factors than serum cholesterol. Keywords: pentadecanoic acid; myristic acid; heptadecanoic acid; milk fat; coronary heart disease; biological markers IntroductionPopulations with a high intake of saturated fat are shown to have a high mortality of coronary heart disease (CHD) (Renaud and Lanzmann-Petithory, 2001). This is one reason why intake of milk fat has been considered an important factor related to the high incidence of CHD in western countries. A large number of metabolic studies have shown that the saturated fatty acids lauric (12:0), myristic (14:0) and palmitic acid (16:0) increase serum total and LDL cholesterol (Kris-Etherton and Yu, 1997). It has been difficult, however, to demonstrate a clear relationship between intake of saturated fat and risk of cardiovascular disease in large observational studies. A significant positive association was found in two prospective studies (McGee et al., 1984;Kushi et al., 1985), but in others, weak or no association were found (Garcia-Palmieri et al., 1980;Gordon et al., 1981;Shekelle et al., 1981;Kromhout and de Lezenne, 1984;McGee et al., 1984;Kushi et al., 1985;Ascherio et al., 1996;Hu et al., 1997;Pietinen et al., 1997 HDL ratio, serum triglycerides and blood pressure, associated with dairy products (Smedman et al., 1999;Mennen et al., 2000;Pereira et al., 2002), andElwood et al. (2004), suggesting that consumption of milk products may be associated with a small reduction in risk of heart disease and stroke.Pentadecanoic acid (15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (17:0) are characteristic for milk fat. They are synthesized by the bacterial flora in the rumen of ruminants (Wu and Palmquist, 1991), and cannot be synthesized in the human body. Another fatty acid, 14:0, is mainly present in milk fat. In most human tissues, the substrate specificiti...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Fatty Acids In Adipose Tissue Biopsiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intake of milk fat, reflected in adipose tissue fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction: a case–control study

et al. 2005

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“…Unsaturated fats, e.g. long-chain n-3 fatty acids, have been shown to lower the risk of CVD such as stroke 28,29 . Consumption of palm oil is very common in Costa Rica 22 and could possibly account for most of the fat intake observed in rural areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of dietary intakes of micro- and macronutrients in rural, suburban and urban populations in Costa Rica

Kabagambe

Baylin

Siles

et al. 2002

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To compare, along with behavioural habits, the potential atherogenicity of diets in rural and urban areas in Costa Rica. Design: Subjects ðn ¼ 503Þ were randomly selected from the general population in Costa Rica. A validated food-frequency questionnaire that inquired about dietary intake in the previous year was administered once to each subject. Each subject provided plasma and an adipose tissue biopsy, which were used as biomarkers for carotenoid, tocopherol and/or fatty acid intakes. Each subject also answered another questionnaire on personal profile and household characteristics. Setting: A dietitian visited all subjects and conducted the interviews at their homes. Subjects: Adult male and female free-living rural, suburban and urban Costa Ricans without a history of physical or mental disability. Results: Subjects in rural areas were significantly ðP , 0:05Þ more active physically, earned less income and had a higher intake of dietary fibre than urban dwellers. Urban residents reported a significantly ðP , 0:05Þ higher consumption of total fat, specifically unsaturated fat mostly from soyabean oil, and had higher plasma and adipose tissue tocopherol and lycopene concentrations. Interestingly, no differences in body mass index were observed. Conclusions: These data show differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors of rural and urban populations in Costa Rica. In rural areas, low socio-economic status and low intake of unsaturated fatty acids appear to be the prevalent CVD risk factors, while in urban areas they were low physical activity, high trans-fatty acids in the diet and adipose tissue, and low dietary fibre intake.

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“…Although an RDA for omega-6 and omega-3 essential fatty acids does not exist, the Adequate Intake (AI) of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids has been determined 72) . Because dietary intake studies are inherently associated with large measurement error, the determination of tissue levels of fatty acids should be considered as the best alternative to dietary intake measurements 73) . Using adipose tissue fatty acid levels to determine the risk of myocardial infarction in a case-control study, Pedersen et al showed that, "Intake of very long-chain n-3 fatty acids as reflected in adipose tissue content is inversely associated with risk of myocardial infarction.…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: The Epidemiological Evidence.

Simopoulos

2002

Environ. Health Prev. Med.

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Epidemiological studies in the last 40 years suggest that omega-3 fatty acids derived from fish and fish oil decrease the risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension and stroke, and their complications. The beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids include effects on lipids, blood pressure, cardiac and vascular function, eicosanoids, coagulation, and immunological responses. However, not all population studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids are associated with reduced rates of coronary mortality. Such studies suffer either from small numbers of subjects or the population already had a high intake of fish. When comparing the highest intake of fish to that of the lowest fish intake, the beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids have been shown. In population-based case-control studies, the patients consuming modest amounts of fish, the equivalent of one fatty fish meal per week, had a significant lower risk of primary cardiac arrest compared with those who did not eat fish at all. In case-control studies, the intake of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid as reflected in adipose tissue content is inversely associated with risk of myocardial infarction.

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Adipose tissue fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction—a case-control study

Cited by 93 publications

References 44 publications

Intake of milk fat, reflected in adipose tissue fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction: a case–control study

Intake of milk fat, reflected in adipose tissue fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction: a case–control study

Comparison of dietary intakes of micro- and macronutrients in rural, suburban and urban populations in Costa Rica

Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Disease: The Epidemiological Evidence.

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