Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Metabolic Disorders

Abstract

Adipose tissue not only possesses an important role in the storage of excess nutrients but also acts as a critical immune and endocrine organ. Researchers and clinicians now consider adipose tissue to be an active endocrine organ that secretes various humoral factors called "adipokines," which imparts important systemic metabolic effects, from food intake to glucose tolerance. Along with its production of specialized adipokines, adipose tissue also secretes proinflammatory cytokines that likely contributes to the low-level systemic inflammation that has become a hallmark of various metabolic syndrome-associated chronic pathologies, such as obesity and cancer cachexia. These systemic effects may be mediated by communication networks arising from the multitude of resident adipose cells, including adipocytes, endothelial cells, neuronal cells, stem cells and other precursors, and a wide variety of immune cell populations that recent studies have demonstrated play a crucial role in the development of adipose inflammation and systemic metabolic abnormalities. In this chapter, we detail various molecular pathways linking excess adipose lipid storage to chronic inflammation and review the current knowledge as to what triggers obesity-and cachexia-associated inflammation in adipose tissue. Finally, we describe how the cross talk between adipose tissue inflammation and the non-adipocyte resident cells present in tissue is involved in this metabolic disruption.

Chronic Low Grade Inflammation in Pathogenesis of PCOS

“…Recently, there have been published studies that analyze the potential molecular mechanisms that leads from obesity throughout increased inflammation to impair insulin metabolism and even diabetes type 2 [ 53 , 75 , 76 ]. Studies suggest that this process might involve dysregulation of fatty acids homeostasis, increased adipose tissue cells size and death, dysfunction of mitochondria, local hypoxia, as well as mechanical stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress [ 53 , 64 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 ]. Recent studies analyze the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction and it’s proinflammatory impact in PCOS women and its role in PCOS pathogenesis [ 47 , 48 , 79 ].…”

Impaired Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Angiogenesis of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Isolated from Rats during the Course of Diabetes

“…Adipose tissue is a typical energy storage tissue [16]. The current evolutionary and developmental studies compellingly suggest that adipose tissue is deeply involved in systemic inflammation in DM [16][17][18][19]. DM seriously affects lipid metabolism [20], and oxidative stress induced by DM is a major reason for impaired endothelial function and regeneration [21][22][23].…”

Cadmium: An Emerging Role in Adipose Tissue Dysfunction

“…Morphologically, WAT has unilocular adipocytes that contain a large central lipid droplet besides the nucleus and mitochondria (Richard et al 2000;Frühbeck and Gómez-Ambrosi 2013). Also, it is composed of special loose connective tissue that contains different cell types including adipocytes, stromal vascular fraction, blood vessels, preadipocytes, fibroblasts, and lymph nodes that include immune cell types (Frühbeck and Gómez-Ambrosi 2013;Henriques et al 2019). This special structure allows AT to function as a storage reservoir, endocrine organ, and cushion for internal organs.…”

“…These changes are linked with abnormal secretion of adipokines, systemic and local inflammatory conditions. As well as several metabolic processes such as glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia (Choe et al 2016;Schoettl et al 2018;Henriques et al 2019;Recinella et al 2020).…”