Adjusting for multiple testing when reporting research results: the Bonferroni vs Holm methods.

Aickin, Mikel; Gensler, Helen L.

doi:10.2105/ajph.86.5.726

Cited by 1,088 publications

(725 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Multicomparison analyses between measurements have been done with HolmŠídák post hoc tests. 19,20 The differences between D (hypoventilation) and A (hyperventilation), C (normoventilation II) and A (hyperventilation) as well as B (normoventilation I) and D (hypoventilation) were calculated using t-tests for paired data or Welch test and nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test, if indicated. 21 To provide an estimate of the effect of changes in PaCO 2 levels and their clinical meaningfulness, we calculated mean differences (MD) and their 95% confidence intervals (MD; 95% CI upper bound, lower bound; P value).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Dioxide Induced Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow and Flow Velocity: Role of Cerebrovascular Resistance and Effective Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

Grüne

Kazmaier

Stolker

et al. 2015

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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In addition to cerebrovascular resistance (CVR) zero flow pressure (ZFP), effective cerebral perfusion pressure (CPPe) and the resistance area product (RAP) are supplemental determinants of cerebral blood flow (CBF). Until now, the interrelationship of PaCO 2 -induced changes in CBF, CVR, CPPe, ZFP, and RAP is not fully understood. In a controlled crossover trial, we investigated 10 anesthetized patients aiming at PaCO 2 levels of 30, 37, 43, and 50 mm Hg. Cerebral blood flow was measured with a modified Kety-Schmidt-technique. Zero flow pressure and RAP was estimated by linear regression analysis of pressure-flow velocity relationships of the middle cerebral artery. Effective cerebral perfusion pressure was calculated as the difference between mean arterial pressure and ZFP, CVR as the ratio CPPe/CBF. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way RM-ANOVA. When comparing hypocapnia with hypercapnia, CBF showed a significant exponential reduction by 55% and mean V MCA by 41%. Effective cerebral perfusion pressure linearly decreased by 17% while ZFP increased from 14 to 29 mm Hg. Cerebrovascular resistance increased by 96% and RAP by 39%; despite these concordant changes in mean CVR and Doppler-derived RAP correlation between these variables was weak (r = 0.43). In conclusion, under general anesthesia hypocapnia-induced reduction in CBF is caused by both an increase in CVR and a decrease in CPPe, as a consequence of an increase in ZFP.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Dioxide Induced Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow and Flow Velocity: Role of Cerebrovascular Resistance and Effective Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

Grüne

Kazmaier

Stolker

et al. 2015

J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

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“…Type I error rate was controlled at 5% across the multiple tests of the NLMM analysis, using sequential Bonferroni adjustment (Aickin and Gensler, 1996). All analyses were conducted in version 9 of SAS (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bupropion for the Treatment of Methamphetamine Dependence

Elkashef

Rawson

Anderson

et al. 2007

Neuropsychopharmacol

199

188

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Bupropion was tested for efficacy in increasing weeks of abstinence in methamphetamine-dependent patients, compared to placebo. This was a double-blind placebo-controlled study, with 12 weeks of treatment and a 30-day follow-up. Five outpatient substance abuse treatment clinics located west of the Mississippi participated in the study. One hundred and fifty-one treatment-seekers with DSM-IV diagnosis of methamphetamine dependence were consented and enrolled. Seventy-two participants were randomized to placebo and 79 to sustained-release bupropion 150 mg twice daily. Patients were asked to come to the clinic three times per week for assessments, urine drug screens, and 90-min group psychotherapy. The primary outcome was the change in proportion of participants having a methamphetamine-free week. Secondary outcomes included: urine for quantitative methamphetamine, self-report of methamphetamine use, subgroup analyses of balancing factors and comorbid conditions, addiction severity, craving, risk behaviors for HIV, and use of other substances. The generalized estimating equation regression analysis showed that, overall, the difference between bupropion and placebo groups in the probability of a non-use week over the 12-week treatment period was not statistically significant (p ¼ 0.09). Mixed model regression was used to allow adjustment for baseline factors in addition to those measured (site, gender, level of baseline use, and level of symptoms of depression). This subgroup analysis showed that bupropion had a significant effect compared to placebo, among male patients who had a lower level of methamphetamine use at baseline (po0.0001). Comorbid depression and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder did not change the outcome. These data suggest that bupropion, in combination with behavioral group therapy, was effective for increasing the number of weeks of abstinence in participants with low-to-moderate methamphetamine dependence, mainly male patients, regardless of their comorbid condition.

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“…Pairwise comparisons among stages were performed with a Wilcoxon rank-sum test with Holm-Sidak correction (Holm 1979). The Holm-Sidak correction method is considered to be more powerful than the Bonferroni correction for P-values while still controlling type I error (Aickin and Gensler 1996).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproduction of the Blacktip Shark in the Gulf of Mexico

Baremore

Passerotti

2013

Mar Coast Fish

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Reproductive and age data were collected for Blacktip Sharks Carcharhinus limbatus in the Gulf of Mexico from fishery‐dependent and ‐independent sources from 2006 to 2011 for stock assessment. A total of 757 Blacktip Sharks were sampled for reproductive analysis (399 females, 358 males), of which 741 were aged. Additional length and age data from a previous age and growth study on Blacktip Sharks in the Gulf of Mexico (207 females, 161 males) were incorporated into the size‐ and age‐at‐maturity analyses. The results indicated that Blacktip Sharks in the Gulf of Mexico have a synchronous, seasonal reproductive cycle and that females exhibit a biennial ovarian cycle. Male and female mating and parturition peaked from March to May. Length at 50% maturity was estimated to be 105.8 and 119.2 cm FL for males and females, respectively, while age at 50% maturity was calculated as 4.8 and 6.3 years. Near‐term pups averaged 38 cm FL, and gestation was approximately 12 months. Litter size was 4.5 pups per female, and fecundity was found to increase with both maternal size and age. Maternal body size—but not age—had a positive influence on offspring fitness. This represents the first comprehensive reproductive study of Blacktip Sharks in the Gulf of Mexico. Received October 1, 2012; accepted December 5, 2012

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Adjusting for multiple testing when reporting research results: the Bonferroni vs Holm methods.

Cited by 1,088 publications

References 8 publications

Carbon Dioxide Induced Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow and Flow Velocity: Role of Cerebrovascular Resistance and Effective Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

Carbon Dioxide Induced Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow and Flow Velocity: Role of Cerebrovascular Resistance and Effective Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

Bupropion for the Treatment of Methamphetamine Dependence

Reproduction of the Blacktip Shark in the Gulf of Mexico

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