Adjuvants are Key Factors for the Development of Future Vaccines: Lessons from the Finlay Adjuvant Platform

Abstract

The development of effective vaccines against neglected diseases, especially those associated with poverty and social deprivation, is urgently needed. Modern vaccine technologies and a better understanding of the immune response have provided scientists with the tools for rational and safer design of subunit vaccines. Often, however, subunit vaccines do not elicit strong immune responses, highlighting the need to incorporate better adjuvants; this step therefore becomes a key factor for vaccine development. In this review we outline some key features of modern vaccinology that are linked with the development of better adjuvants. In line with the increased desire to obtain novel adjuvants for future vaccines, the Finlay Adjuvant Platform offers a novel approach for the development of new and effective adjuvants. The Finlay Adjuvants (AFs), AFPL (proteoliposome), and AFCo (cochleate), were initially designed for parenteral and mucosal applications, and constitute potent adjuvants for the induction of Th1 responses against several antigens. This review summarizes the status of the Finlay technology in producing promising adjuvants for unsolved-vaccine diseases including mucosal approaches and therapeutic vaccines. Ideas related to adjuvant classification, adjuvant selection, and their possible influence on innate recognition via multiple toll-like receptors are also discussed.

Liposomes as vaccine delivery systems: a review of the recent advances

“…Immunostimulants interact with specific receptors, like TLRs and others, while delivery systems increase the immune response by multiple mechanisms, depending on their particular characteristics [Leroux-Roels, 2010;Alving et al 2012]. Thus, modern vaccines comprise adjuvants such as pathogen-derived subcellular components, recombinant proteins, peptides and nucleic acid sequences [Zepp, 2010;Perez et al 2013;Reed et al 2013]. In addition, due to better knowledge of the immune system and improvements in formulation technology, effective therapeutic cancer vaccines are developed [Joshi et al 2012].…”

Nasal immunization of mice with AFCo1 or AFPL1 plus capsular polysaccharide Vi from Salmonella typhi induces cellular response and memory B and T cell responses

“…19,15) from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B and capsular polysaccharide (Ps) of Salmonella TyVi (PsVi) were supplied under GMP conditions by the manufacturing plant of Finlay Institute, Cuba, respectively. AFCo1 formation was performed by detergent and Ca 2+ incorporation by closed cycle technology as previously described [5]. VaxTyVi ® was supplied by Finlay Institute, Havana, Cuba.…”

“…Exposure of Adjuvant Finlay proteoliposome (AFPL1) induces upregulation of MHC-II, MHC-I, CD40, CD80 and CD86 expression on the surface of murine bone marrow dendritic cells and macrophages [4]. In addition, proteoliposomes can be transformed into a microparticles (Adjuvant Finlay Cochleate 1, AFCo1), conserved the protective and adjuvants components [5]. AFCo1 is an effective adjuvant in mice by different mucosal routes and with different antigens [5,6].…”

“…In addition, proteoliposomes can be transformed into a microparticles (Adjuvant Finlay Cochleate 1, AFCo1), conserved the protective and adjuvants components [5]. AFCo1 is an effective adjuvant in mice by different mucosal routes and with different antigens [5,6]. Nasal immunization of AFCo1 and glycoprotein gD2 from Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) induces systemic and mucosal (at local and distal sites) immune responses and total protection against HSV challenge [7].…”

Mucosal and systemic immune responses induced by a single time vaccination strategy in mice

“…However, a second role has become increasingly important: guiding the type of adaptive response to produce the most effective forms of immunity for each specific pathogen (Th1, Th2, Th17, Th9) (Coffman et al 2010). Adjuvants have been classified as immunopotentiators, delivery systems (O'Hagan and Singh 2003), and immunopolarizors (Pérez et al 2013), and neither of these activities are mutually excluding, some adjuvants even exhibit at least 2 of these activities. The use of potent adjuvants that exhibit several mechanisms of action and enable comparable immune responses using substantially lower antigen amounts and doses could be very important to develop novel vaccination strategies.…”