Adjuvants for Coronavirus Vaccines

Liang, Zhihui; Zhu, Haoru; Wang, Xin; Jing, Bo; Li, Zifan; Xia, Xinyu; Sun, Hongwu; Yang, Yun; Zhang, Weiting; Shi, Li; Zeng, Hao; Sun, Bingbing

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.589833

Cited by 177 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 83 publications

(136 reference statements)

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“…Adjuvants currently investigated in COVID-19 vaccine formulations are summarized in Table 4 . Alum adjuvants in combination with COVID-19 S protein demonstrated increased neutralizing antibody production [ 351 , 352 ], but did not promote T cell activation. Newer adjuvants developed for rapidly and specifically activated immune responses [ 352 ], emulsions and toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, have shown to induce both B and T cell responses.…”

Section: Covid-19 Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 vaccines: The status and perspectives in delivery points of view

Chung

Thone

Kwon

2021

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

306

265

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Due to the high prevalence and long incubation periods often without symptoms, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of individuals globally, causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Even with the recent approval of the anti-viral drug, remdesivir, and Emergency Use Authorization of monoclonal antibodies against S protein, bamlanivimab and casirimab/imdevimab, efficient and safe COVID-19 vaccines are still desperately demanded not only to prevent its spread but also to restore social and economic activities via generating mass immunization. Recent Emergency Use Authorization of Pfizer and BioNTech’s mRNA vaccine may provide a pathway forward, but monitoring of long-term immunity is still required, and diverse candidates are still under development. As the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and interactions with the immune system continues to evolve, a variety of drug candidates are under investigation and in clinical trials. Potential vaccines and therapeutics against COVID-19 include repurposed drugs, monoclonal antibodies, antiviral and antigenic proteins, peptides, and genetically engineered viruses. This paper reviews virology and immunology of SARS-CoV-2, alternative therapies for COVID-19 to vaccination, principles and design considerations in COVID-19 vaccine development, and the promises and roles of vaccine carriers in addressing the unique immunopathological challenges presented by the disease.

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Section: Covid-19 Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 vaccines: The status and perspectives in delivery points of view

Chung

Thone

Kwon

2021

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

306

265

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…aluminum hydroxide, Toll-like receptor agonists or lipid emulsions) in the formulation of subunit and inactivated vaccines. 55 However, no such causal link has been unequivocally established, 56 , 57 even for adjuvanted vaccines containing ASO3 58 , 59 or aluminum hydroxide or aluminum phosphate. 60 Although long-term safety data on SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with liver disease are not yet available, it is important to weigh the predicted benefit of vaccination against the potential risk of vaccination, especially given the already known serious consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection in at-risk populations.…”

Section: Evolving Recommendations For the Emerging Covid-19 Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

EASL position paper on the use of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with chronic liver diseases, hepatobiliary cancer and liver transplant recipients

Cornberg

Buti

Eberhardt

et al. 2021

Journal of Hepatology

185

215

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According to a recent World Health Organization estimate, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, which originated in China in 2019, has spread globally, infecting nearly 100 million people worldwide by January 2021. Patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD), particularly cirrhosis, hepatobiliary malignancies, candidates for liver transplantation, and immunosuppressed individuals after liver transplantation appear to be at increased risk of infections in general, which in turn translates into increased mortality. This is also the case for SARS-CoV-2 infection, where patients with cirrhosis, in particular, are at high risk of a severe COVID-19 course. Therefore, vaccination against various pathogens including SARS-CoV-2, administered as early as possible in patients with CLD, is an important protective measure. However, due to impaired immune responses in these patients, the immediate and long-term protective response through immunisation may be incomplete. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to the exceptionally fast development of several vaccine candidates. A small number of these SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates have already undergone phase III, placebocontrolled, clinical trials in healthy individuals with proof of short-term safety, immunogenicity and efficacy. However, although regulatory agencies in the US and Europe have already approved some of these vaccines for clinical use, information on immunogenicity, duration of protection and long-term safety in patients with CLD, cirrhosis, hepatobiliary cancer and liver transplant recipients has yet to be generated. This review summarises the data on vaccine safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy in this patient population in general and discusses the implications of this knowledge on the introduction of the new SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.

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“…Lipid components may also dictate the type and intensity of the immune response, by enhancing the production of IFN-γ, IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α with the subsequent activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Although this is not the case of the authorized COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, future formulations containing adjuvant like TLR agonists [ 13 ] may exacerbate pre-existing autoimmune or autoinflammatory disorders and should therefore be discouraged in this cohort of patients.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%