Aim-To evaluate the expression pattern of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) with its receptors GDNF family receptor alpha-1 (GFRα-1) and Ret in the human corneal and limbal tissues, as well as in the primary human limbal epithelial cultures (PHLEC).Methods-Expression of GDNF and its receptors, and the co-localisation with stem cell associated and differentiation markers were evaluated by immunofluorescent staining, western blot analysis and real-time PCR in the fresh human corneoscleral tissues, as well as in the PHLEC. Single cell colony-forming and wound-healing assays were also evaluated in PHLEC.Results-GDNF and GFRα-1 were found to be expressed by a subset of basal cells and colocalised with ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G (WHITE), member 2 (ABCG2) and p63, but not with cytokeratin 3 in the human limbal basal epithelium. In PHLEC, they were expressed by a small population of cells in the less differentiated stage. The GDNF and GFRα-1-positive subpopulations were enriched for the expression of ABCG2 and p63 (p<0.01). Recombinant human GDNF promoted the proliferation and wound healing of epithelial cells in the PHLEC. In contrast, Ret was abundantly located in the human corneal epithelium except for the basal cells of the limbal epithelium.Conclusion-These findings indicate that GDNF and GFRα-1 may represent a property for the phenotype of human corneal epithelial precursor cells. GDNF may signal independently of Ret through GFRα-1 in the stem cell-containing limbal epithelium.Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a member of the GDNF family of neurotrophic factors, which also includes neurturin, artemin and persephin. 1 GDNF exerts its effects through a multicomponent receptor system consisting of the GDNF family receptor alpha-1 (GFRα-1), Ret receptor tyrosine kinase (Ret) and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM).2 3 GDNF has been shown to support the growth, maintenance and differentiation of a wide variety of neuronal systems. In recent years, GDNF was identified as an essential growth factor maintaining mouse spermatogonial stem cells,4 and it was found to increase motility and survival of cultured mesenchymal stem cells and ameliorate Corneal epithelial homeostasis is governed by a small subpopulation of corneal epithelial SCs located in the basal layer of the limbus.6 -8 However, no direct method has been found to identify the corneal epithelial SCs to date because of the lack of a unique molecular marker. In recent years, the functional role and the possible signal-transduction pathways induced by GDNF in the corneal epithelium have been investigated.9 10 GDNF may play an important role in corneal regeneration and wound healing. In the present study, we evaluated the expression pattern of GDNF with its receptors in the human corneal and limbal epithelia, as well as in the primary limbal epithelial cell cultures (PHLEC), with the intention of exploring the potential role of GDNF in the human stem cell niche.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials and reagentsProgenit...