“…Institutional researchers may design and implement their own surveys, use predesigned surveys on topics such as retention or freshmen satisfaction, or participate in national or multi-institutional assessments (Borden and Owens, 2001). For example, in 1991 the majority of institutions conducting research on admitted students developed a survey in-house, while roughly a fourth made use of survey instruments from the College Board or ACT (Meabon, Kelley, and Jackson, 1994).…”