Adolescent Athletic Participation and Nonmedical Adderall Use: An Exploratory Analysis of a Performance-Enhancing Drug

Veliz, Philip; Boyd, Carol J.; McCabe, Sean Esteban

doi:10.15288/jsad.2013.74.714

Cited by 41 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In addition, the present review suggests that adolescents and adults are more likely to misuse short-acting or immediate-release agents compared with long-acting agents 84,97. Consistent with previous studies, the present review suggests that students who are white, affiliated with a fraternity or sorority, engaging in other illicit drugs, and male, are more likely to misuse prescription stimulants 47,49,56,57,84,89,92,94,96,101,102,113,118,124. Although some of the studies reported no sex differences, recently Weyandt et al45 reported on the effect sizes of sex differences in studies examining stimulant misuse.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Pharmacological interventions for adolescents and adults with ADHD: stimulant and nonstimulant medications and misuse of prescription stimulants

Weyandt

Oster

Marraccini

et al. 2014

PRBM

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that cause functional impairment. Recent research indicates that symptoms persist into adulthood in the majority of cases, with prevalence estimates of approximately 5% in the school age population and 2.5%–4% in the adult population. Although students with ADHD are at greater risk for academic underachievement and psychosocial problems, increasing numbers of students with ADHD are graduating from high school and pursuing higher education. Stimulant medications are considered the first line of pharmacotherapy for individuals with ADHD, including college students. Although preliminary evidence indicates that prescription stimulants are safe and effective for college students with ADHD when used as prescribed, very few controlled studies have been conducted concerning the efficacy of prescription stimulants with college students. In addition, misuse of prescription stimulants has become a serious problem on college campuses across the US and has been recently documented in other countries as well. The purpose of the present systematic review was to investigate the efficacy of prescription stimulants for adolescents and young adults with ADHD and the nonmedical use and misuse of prescription stimulants. Results revealed that both prostimulant and stimulant medications, including lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, methylphenidate, amphetamines, and mixed-amphetamine salts, are effective at reducing ADHD symptoms in adolescents and adults with ADHD. Findings also suggest that individuals with ADHD may have higher rates of stimulant misuse than individuals without the disorder, and characteristics such as sex, race, use of illicit drugs, and academic performance are associated with misuse of stimulant medications. Results also indicate that individuals both with and without ADHD are more likely to misuse short-acting agents than long-acting agents. These findings have implications for intervention, prevention, and future research.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Pharmacological interventions for adolescents and adults with ADHD: stimulant and nonstimulant medications and misuse of prescription stimulants

Weyandt

Oster

Marraccini

et al. 2014

PRBM

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“…Although the findings from this study cannot determine why former lacrosse participants are at a greater risk for potential drug use disorders, initiation or continued use of illicit drugs may be more susceptible among lacrosse players due to factors like performance enhancement (i.e., illicit use of prescribed stimulants to increase energy or focus on the playing field), 16 pain management (i.e., illicit use of prescribed opioids to manage pain from injuries), 15 or factors motivated by the stress of competition (i.e., illicit substance use to relax). 9 These findings indicate the need for additional research, and suggest that closer scrutiny of both male and female adolescent lacrosse players may be warranted in order to understand the drug related practices embedded in this particular sporting culture.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Examining Potential Substance use Disorders among Former Interscholastic Athletes

Veliz

McCabe

2015

Substance Abuse

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Background Despite numerous studies examining the association between competitive sports participation and substance use behaviors among adolescents and young adults, the use of standardized measures to assess potential substance use disorders has been largely neglected. The objective of this study was to examine if past involvement in interscholastic sports (competitive school-sponsored sports) was associated with potential substance use disorders in young adulthood. Methods Data for this study were taken from the Student Life Survey (SLS). A total of 3442 young adults participated in the SLS during the spring semester in 2013, with 74% of males and 71% of females indicating participation in interscholastic sport during high school. Results Respondents who participated in interscholastic sports during high school had higher odds of positive screens for potential alcohol use disorders, when compared to their peers who did not participate in interscholastic sports. No association was detected between interscholastic sports participation and potential drug abuse disorders. Moreover, previous involvement in certain types of sports was found to be associated with positive screens for potential alcohol use disorders (i.e., crew and football), and positive screens for potential drug abuse disorders (i.e., lacrosse) among the sample of young adults. Conclusions School and community sport organizations should be aware of the potential link between sports participation and potential substance use disorders, and may consider brief substance use screeners during yearly physicals to monitor potential substance use problems among athletes.

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“…In a recent survey of nearly 21,000 students in grades 8-10 in the USA, an increased use of amphetamines was seen among males who participated in lacrosse (adjusted odds ratio 2.52) and wrestling (adjusted odds ratio 1.74) [59]. In contrast, no association among females and sporting type was found for amphetamine use.…”

Section: Amphetamines and Stimulantsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sports: A Review of the Literature

2015

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Performance-enhancing substances (PESs) have unfortunately become ubiquitous in numerous sports, often tarnishing the spirit of competition. Reported rates of PES use among athletes are variable and range from 5 to 31%. More importantly, some of these substances pose a serious threat to the health and well-being of athletes. Common PESs include anabolic-androgenic steroids, human growth hormone, creatine, erythropoietin and blood doping, amphetamines and stimulants, and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate. With recent advances in technology, gene doping is also becoming more conceivable. Sports medicine physicians are often unfamiliar with these substances and thus do not routinely broach the topic of PESs with their patients. However, to effect positive change in the sports community, physicians must educate themselves about the physiology, performance benefits, adverse effects, and testing methods. In turn, physicians can then educate athletes at all levels and prevent the use of potentially dangerous PESs.

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Adolescent Athletic Participation and Nonmedical Adderall Use: An Exploratory Analysis of a Performance-Enhancing Drug

Cited by 41 publications

References 19 publications

Pharmacological interventions for adolescents and adults with ADHD: stimulant and nonstimulant medications and misuse of prescription stimulants

Pharmacological interventions for adolescents and adults with ADHD: stimulant and nonstimulant medications and misuse of prescription stimulants

Examining Potential Substance use Disorders among Former Interscholastic Athletes

Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sports: A Review of the Literature

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