Adolescent development and risk for the onset of social-emotional disorders: A review and conceptual model

Cognitive Interpersonal Model for Anorexia Nervosa Revisited: The Perpetuating Factors that Contribute to the Development of the Severe and Enduring Illness

“…Problems in emotion regulation may play a key role in maintaining the symptoms of AN [20]. Thus, an interaction between social vulnerability traits, risks within the interpersonal environment, and dysfunctional emotion processing can predispose to the development of AN, a "social-emotional disorder" [21].…”

Risk and Protective Factors for Prospective Changes in Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic

“…While these restrictions have been challenging for people of all ages, they may be particularly difficult for adolescents, who at this developmental stage rely heavily on their peer connections for emotional support and social development (Ellis and Zarbatany 2017 ). As orders to stay at home and socially distance from others impedes most peer interaction, it is important to examine the impact that this is having on adolescents’ mental health, especially given the strong associations between interpersonal stress and the onset of emotional difficulties among adolescents (Rapee et al 2019 ). However, to date there is no longitudinal research examining the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among adolescents, and what is known is limited by retrospective reports of perceived mental health changes (e.g., Hawke et al 2020 ).…”

“…The increases in interpersonal stress, coupled with heightened emotional reactivity and low emotion-regulation, can place adolescents at a greater risk of developing many common forms of psychopathology including generalized anxiety, eating disorders, depression, and social anxiety (Rapee et al 2019 ). In fact, this particular subset of internalizing disorders has previously been referred to as “disorders of adolescence” due to their typical median onset age of 13 to 19 years (Rapee et al 2019 ).…”

“…The increases in interpersonal stress, coupled with heightened emotional reactivity and low emotion-regulation, can place adolescents at a greater risk of developing many common forms of psychopathology including generalized anxiety, eating disorders, depression, and social anxiety (Rapee et al 2019 ). In fact, this particular subset of internalizing disorders has previously been referred to as “disorders of adolescence” due to their typical median onset age of 13 to 19 years (Rapee et al 2019 ). Collectively, the developmental characteristics of adolescence, the typical age of onset for these social emotional disorders, and the fact that adolescents have been conducting their schooling online, spending most of their time indoors and are physically separated from their peers, means they may be at an increased risk of developing psychological problems during the COVID-19 global pandemic.…”

“…Hence, research examining sex differences in adolescents’ responses to COVID-19 and its associated restrictions is needed to address this gap. Finally, as depression and anxiety are known to increase, and life satisfaction to decrease, from early adolescence onward (Goldbeck et al 2007 ; Rapee et al 2019 ), it is important to ensure that any potential prospective changes in mental health symptoms during COVID-19 are not simply due to age effects. However to date, developmental differences in COVID-19 responses have not been examined in adolescent samples.…”