“…Currently, there exists a growing body of evidence that suggests adolescents' literacy deficiencies can be remedied if these individuals receive extra support in the form of direct, explicit, and systematic fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension instruction (Alvermann & Moore, 1991;Barry, 1997;Joftus, 2002;Kamil, 2003;Leal, Johanson, Toth, & Huang, 2004;Papalewis, 2004;Peterson, Caverly, Nicholson, O'Neal, & Cusenbary, 2000;Phelps, 2005;Shippen, Houchins, Steventon, & Sartor, 2005;Snow & Biancarosa, 2003). Indeed, one-to-one tutoring using these research-based instructional strategies with adolescent readers has demonstrated promising results and has offered additional support for the use of this model with middle and high school students (Coulter, 2004;Houge, Peyton, Geier, & Petrie, 2007;Manset-Williamson & Nelson, 2005;Penney, 2002). While initial data have yielded positive results for struggling adolescent readers, further inquiry into the efficacy of this process, for all adolescents, must continue if we are to learn how to transfer effective instructional strategies to learning environments outside of one-to-one tutoring centers.…”