Adolescent smokers rate delayed rewards as less certain than adolescent nonsmokers

Reynolds, Brady; Patak, Michele; Shroff, Palak

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.04.008

Cited by 42 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The majority of existing studies focus on discount rates for one reward at a time (cigarettes, money, health) whilst the theoretical mechanisms underlying the link with smoking behaviour involves a trade-off between two different rewards: cigarettes and health. There is also potential confounding in assessing time-discounting with risk-aversion if delayed rewards are viewed as more uncertain 50 yet a small proportion of studies accounted for this possibility. Further, insights from behavioural economics also suggest that gains are discounted more steeply than losses 84–86 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-discounting and tobacco smoking: a systematic review and network analysis

et al. 2016

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Background: Tobacco smoking harms health, so why do people smoke and fail to quit? An explanation originating in behavioural economics suggests a role for time-discounting, which describes how the value of a reward, such as better health, decreases with delay to its receipt. A large number of studies test the relationship of time-discounting with tobacco outcomes but the temporal pattern of this relationship and its variation according to measurement methods remain unclear. We review the association between time-discounting and smoking across (i) the life course, from initiation to cessation, and (ii) diverse discount measures. Methods: We identified 69 relevant studies in Web of Science and PubMed. We synthesized findings across methodologies and evaluated discount measures, study quality and cross-disciplinary fertilization. Results: In 44 out of 54 studies, smokers more greatly discounted the future than non-smokers and, in longitudinal studies, higher discounting predicted future smoking. Smokers with lower time-discount rates achieved higher quit rates. Findings were consistent across studies measuring discount rates using hypothetical monetary or cigarette reward scenarios. The methodological quality of the majority of studies was rated as ‘moderate’ and co-citation analysis revealed an isolation of economics journals and a dearth of studies in public health. Conclusion: There is moderate yet consistent evidence that high time-discounting is a risk factor for smoking and unsuccessful cessation. Policy scenarios assuming a flat rate of population discounting may inadequately capture smokers’ perceptions of costs and benefits.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-discounting and tobacco smoking: a systematic review and network analysis

et al. 2016

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time discounting and tobacco smoking: a systematic review and network analysis

Barlow¹

2016

European Journal of Public Health

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Background: Tobacco smoking harms health, so why do people smoke and fail to quit? An explanation originating in behavioural economics suggests a role for timediscounting, which describes how the value of a reward, such as better health, decreases with delay to its receipt. A large number of studies test the relationship of timediscounting with tobacco outcomes but the temporal pattern of this relationship and its variation according to measurement methods remain unclear. We review the association between time-discounting and smoking across (i) the life course, from initiation to cessation, and (ii) diverse discount measures. Methods: We identified 69 relevant studies in Web of Science and PubMed. We synthesized findings across methodologies and evaluated discount measures, study quality and cross-disciplinary fertilization. Results: In 44 out of 54 studies, smokers more greatly discounted the future than nonsmokers and, in longitudinal studies, higher discounting predicted future smoking. Smokers with lower time-discount rates achieved higher quit rates. Findings were consistent across studies measuring discount rates using hypothetical monetary or cigarette reward scenarios. The methodological quality of the majority of studies was rated as 'moderate' and co-citation analysis revealed an isolation of economics journals and a dearth of studies in public health. Conclusion: There is moderate yet consistent evidence that high time-discounting is a risk factor for smoking and unsuccessful cessation. Policy scenarios assuming a flat rate of population discounting may inadequately capture smokers' perceptions of costs and benefits.

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“…Steeper rates of discounting delayed rewards, measured as the proclivity for immediate rewards, have been considered as an important component in the development and persistence of addictive behavior (Bickel et al, 2007), such as excessive substance use (Reynolds, Patak, & Shroff, 2007;Bickel, Odum, & Madden, 1999) and gambling (Holt, Green, & Myerson, 2003). The integrity of brain networks underlying the inverse relation between intelligence and temporal discounting behavior might thus be a protective factor against the development of addictive behavior, such as substance abuse (Sjolund, Allebeck, & Hemmingsson, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common Neural Correlates of Intertemporal Choices and Intelligence in Adolescents

Ripke¹,

Hübner²,

Mennigen³

et al. 2015

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

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Converging behavioral evidence indicates that temporal discounting, measured by intertemporal choice tasks, is inversely related to intelligence. At the neural level, the parieto-frontal network is pivotal for complex, higher-order cognitive processes. Relatedly, underrecruitment of the pFC during a working memory task has been found to be associated with steeper temporal discounting. Furthermore, this network has also been shown to be related to the consistency of intertemporal choices. Here we report an fMRI study that directly investigated the association of neural correlates of intertemporal choice behavior with intelligence in an adolescent sample (n = 206; age 13.7-15.5 years). After identifying brain regions where the BOLD response during intertemporal choice was correlated with individual differences in intelligence, we further tested whether BOLD responses in these areas would mediate the associations between intelligence, the discounting rate, and choice consistency. We found positive correlations between BOLD response in a value-independent decision network (i.e., dorsolateral pFC, precuneus, and occipital areas) and intelligence. Furthermore, BOLD response in a value-dependent decision network (i.e., perigenual ACC, inferior frontal gyrus, ventromedial pFC, ventral striatum) was positively correlated with intelligence. The mediation analysis revealed that BOLD responses in the value-independent network mediated the association between intelligence and choice consistency, whereas BOLD responses in the value-dependent network mediated the association between intelligence and the discounting rate. In summary, our findings provide evidence for common neural correlates of intertemporal choice and intelligence, possibly linked by valuation as well as executive functions.

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Adolescent smokers rate delayed rewards as less certain than adolescent nonsmokers

Cited by 42 publications

References 12 publications

Time-discounting and tobacco smoking: a systematic review and network analysis

Time-discounting and tobacco smoking: a systematic review and network analysis

Time discounting and tobacco smoking: a systematic review and network analysis

Common Neural Correlates of Intertemporal Choices and Intelligence in Adolescents

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