Adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in Agriculture and Smart Farming towards Urban Greening: A Review

Abstract

It is essential to increase the productivity of agricultural and farming processes to improve yields and costeffectiveness with new technology such as the Internet of Things (IoT). In particular, IoT can make agricultural and farming industry processes more efficient by reducing human intervention through automation. In this study, the aim to analyze recently developed IoT applications in the agriculture and farming industries to provide an overview of sensor data collections, technologies, and sub-verticals such as water management and crop management. In this review, data is extracted from 60 peer-reviewed scientific publications (2016-2018) with a focus on IoT sub-verticals and sensor data collection for measurements to make accurate decisions. Our results from the reported studies show water management is the highest subvertical (28.08%) followed by crop management (14.60%) then smart farming (10.11%). From the data collection, livestock management and irrigation management resulted in the same percentage (5.61%). In regard to sensor data collection, the highest result was for the measurement of environmental temperature (24.87%) and environmental humidity (19.79%). There are also some other sensor data regarding soil moisture (15.73%) and soil pH (7.61%). Research indicates that of the technologies used in IoT application development, Wi-Fi is the most frequently used (30.27%) followed by mobile technology (21.10%). As per our review of the research, we can conclude that the agricultural sector (76.1%) is researched considerably more than compared to the farming sector (23.8%). This study should be used as a reference for members of the agricultural industry to improve and develop the use of IoT to enhance agricultural production efficiencies. This study also provides recommendations for future research to include IoT systems' scalability, heterogeneity aspects, IoT system architecture, data analysis methods, size or scale of the observed land or agricultural domain, IoT security and threat solutions/protocols, operational technology, data storage, cloud platform, and power supplies.12 | P a g e www.ijacsa.thesai.orgThis review provides an overall picture of currently developed IoT applications in agriculture and farming between 2016 and 2018.

Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience through Big Data

“…Since the size of CDR data is large so big data approaches can take the opportunity to handle it. CDR tools can also collect the data related to human movement as well as behavior in the social network regarding natural disasters [43]. This approach can also collect the identity of the sender and receiver as well as the data of calling and SMS.…”

Adoption Barriers of IoT in Large Scale Pilots

“…On the organizational level, IoT is used to manage resources across various lines or verticals within the organization, as well as across the food value chain. In smart agriculture, sensors are used for verticals such as water management, crop management, soil moisture and pH measurement, while in smart farming, livestock management represents a key vertical [59]. While each of these verticals has its specific adoption barriers, most barriers in the literature are cross cutting the whole industry.…”

“…Lack of technical knowledge among farmers is regarded as an important factor in challenged adoption [59,61]. This factor becomes more challenging in rural areas within developing countries where there is lack of education and awareness of technology [62].…”

“…Specific technical characteristics also influence the adoption of IoT in agriculture and farming. For instance, the common centralized architecture of IoT platforms creates bottlenecks causing delays in communication [59]. While this may not be critical in most applications, some applications require real-time data collection and analysis that may be hindered by such bottlenecks.…”

“…Others suggested that explicitly accounting for weather-related power and internet outages in IoT platforms design lowers adoption barriers and prolongs deployment periods [64,65]. On the hardware side, battery capacity, lifetime and sensor storage capacity are among the challenges affecting adoption [59]. The cost of these units and overall IoT services are also influential [61,62].…”