Conformational
flexibility plays a critical role in enzyme function
and is a key aspect in transitions from an open to a closed state
induced by substrate binding and product release. Psychrophilic enzymes
display a high catalytic efficiency at low temperatures through the
improved flexibility of some regions involved in the catalytic cycle.
This flexibility enables an optimal conformational dynamic for the
catalytic process, whose conservation in homologous enzymes that perform
the same biological function has been highlighted. In this work, we
demonstrated that two homologous enzymes adapted to function in niches
with different temperatures exhibited different conformational dynamics.
The psychrophilic bifunctional ADP-dependent PFK/GK from Methanococcoides
burtonii (MbPFK/GK) shows a domain closing/opening
dynamic described as a breathing-type, while its mesophilic homologue
from Methanococcus maripaludis (MmPFK/GK) shows a twist-type domain closing/opening dynamic. In the
psychrophilic MbPFK/GK, these conformational movements
are associated with increased structural flexibility of the active
site, reflected in the exponential increase of the K
m values with increasing temperature, and a greater H/D
exchange of regions flanking the active site. Through sequence alignment
between extant and ancestral enzymes, we identified two ion pairs
outside the active site that were highly conserved in the mesophilic MmPFK/GK branch of the ADP-dependent sugar kinases family
but were absent in the psychrophilic MbPFK/GK branch.
Incorporation of these two ionic pairs in the psychrophilic MbPFK/GK modified the conformational dynamics of the domain
closing/opening transition, the K
m dependence
on temperature, and the H/D exchange, making them similar to those
of its mesophilic homologue. We propose that conformational dynamics
are responsible for the catalytic adaptability of this enzyme at low
temperatures.