Adrafinil: A Novel Vigilance Promoting Agent

A Comparison of Cerebral Hemovelocity and Blood Oxygen Saturation Levels during Vigilance Performance

“…Efforts to identify neurophysiological factors that support vigilance performance have adopted two general approaches. One of these involves exploration of the electrophysiological and biochemical correlates of signal detection (Davies & Parasuraman, 1982;Gale, 1977;Haider, 1970;Hitchcock, 2000;Koelega, 1991;Koelega & Verbaten, 1991;Milgram, Callahan, & Siwak, 1999;Parasuraman, 1984). The other, and the one of primary interest in this study, is the use of sophisticated brain imaging techniques to identify brain systems in the control of vigilance.…”

Adrafinil: Psychostimulant and Purported Nootropic?

“…In the late 1970s, he administered large doses of adrafinil to hypersomniac and narcoleptic patients, with inconsistent results (6,7). Subsequent studies, published in French, evaluated its efficacy in vigilance promotion and treatment of depression, in addition to its effects on motor organization, as outlined by Milgram et al (8). As described by Milgram et al, six studies were conducted that included ambulatory and hospitalized patients of minimum 45 years of age, with the majority being older than 65 years, who exhibited "problems in focusing at-tention, sleep, memory, and mild depression."…”

“…Another French trial described by Milgram et al reported improvements in ideomotor deficits, defined as "general suppression in voluntary movements, deficits in organizing motor sequences, paralysis of decision, and paralysis of functional motor action." A final trial reported greater amelioration of depression and psychomotor retardation, compared with clomipramine treatment, in subjects with mild depression not meeting DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder (8,9). These eight studies documented few and inconsistent side effects (Figure 1) (8).…”

“…A final trial reported greater amelioration of depression and psychomotor retardation, compared with clomipramine treatment, in subjects with mild depression not meeting DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder (8,9). These eight studies documented few and inconsistent side effects (Figure 1) (8). The review provided here has significant limitations because many study details were not reported, and thus the validity and generalizability of results are undetermined.…”

Outsmarted by nootropics? An investigation into the thermal degradation of modafinil, modafinic acid, adrafinil, CRL‐40,940 and CRL‐40,941 in the GC injector: formation of 1,1,2,2‐tetraphenylethane and its tetra fluoro analog

“…Adrafinil is also a pro-drug and it is metabolized, mainly in the liver, to its bioactive amide, modafinil. [30] CRL-40,940 ( Figure 1) is also advertised as a wakefulness promoting agent that represents the bisfluoro analogue of modafinil but it has also been reported as a so-called designer drug. [31][32][33][34] CRL-40,941 and modafiendz are also wakefulness promoting agents and related to modafinil and adrafinil (Figure 1).…”