Adrenal Cortical Responses to High-Intensity, Short Rest, Resistance Exercise in Men and Women

Szivak, Tunde K.; Hooper, David R.; Dunn‐Lewis, Courtenay; Comstock, Brett A.; Kupchak, Brian R.; Apicella, Jenna M.; Sáenz, Catherine; Maresh, Carl M.; Denegar, Craig R.; Kraemer, William J.

doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318259e009

Cited by 30 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Cortisol also displayed no significant level of change after the highvolume exercise, which was concurrent with results obtained by others (24). Although some researchers have noticed changes in levels of cortisol in blood and saliva after resistance exercise (30)(31)(32)(33), samples in these studies were taken either immediately or shortly after (a few hours) exercise. Changes in cortisol levels may have occurred at time intervals different from the one chosen for our study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Changes in Perceived Recovery Status Scale Following High-Volume Muscle Damaging Resistance Exercise

Sikorski

Wilson

Lowery

et al. 2013

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Currently no research has investigated the relationship between muscle damage, hormonal status, and perceived recovery scale (PRS). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a high-volume training session on PRS and to determine the relationship between levels of testosterone, cortisol, and creatine kinase (CK) and PRS. Thirty-five trained subjects (21.3 ± 1.9 years) were recruited. All subjects participated in a high-volume resistance training session consisting of 3 sets of full squats, bench press, deadlifts, pullups, dips, bent over rows, shoulder press, and barbell curls and extensions. Pre-PRS and post-PRS measurements (0-10), soreness, CK, cortisol, and testosterone were measured before and 48 hours after training. Perceived recovery scale declined from 8.6 ± 2.3 to 4.2 ± 1.85 (p < 0.05). Leg, chest, and arm soreness increased from pre- to postexercise. Creatine kinase significantly increased from pre- to postworkout (189.4 ± 100.2 to 512 ± 222.7 U/L). Cortisol, testosterone, and free testosterone did not change. There was an inverse relationship between CK and PRS (r = 0.58, p < 0.05). When muscle damage was low before training, cortisol and free and total testosterone were not correlated to PRS. However, when damage peaked at 48 hours postexercise, free, but not total, testosterone showed a low direct relationship with PRS (r = 0.2, p < 0.05). High-volume resistance exercise lowers PRS scores. These changes are partly explained by a rise in serum indices of muscle damage. Moreover, free testosterone seems to have a positive relationship with PRS.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Changes in Perceived Recovery Status Scale Following High-Volume Muscle Damaging Resistance Exercise

Sikorski

Wilson

Lowery

et al. 2013

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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“…Therefore, it is possible that our observed increase in AA in the active group reflects increased arousal rather than stress. However, previous studies have found increases in cortisol following resistance exercise (Cadore, et al, 2012; Hough, et al, 2011; Leite, et al, 2011; Pledge, et al, 2011; Szivak, et al, 2013; Uchida, et al, 2009), so it is plausible that the resistance exercise task we used could also result in increased cortisol levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Stressors result in the secretion of neuroendocrine mediators, which can be split into an initial rapid response from the sympathetic nervous system resulting in epinephrine and norepinephrine release and a slower response from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis resulting in cortisol release (for review, see Wolf, 2008). Increases in cortisol have been observed following both acute aerobic exercise (Fryer, et al, 2014; Fryer, et al, 2012; Labsy, et al, 2013; Usui, et al, 2011; VanBruggen, Hackney, McMurray, & Ondrak, 2011; Wahl, Zinner, Achtzehn, Bloch, & Mester, 2010) and resistance exercise (Cadore, et al, 2012; Hough, Papacosta, Wraith, & Gleeson, 2011; Leite, et al, 2011; Pledge, Grosset, & Onambele-Pearson, 2011; Szivak, et al, 2013; Uchida, et al, 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A single bout of resistance exercise can enhance episodic memory performance

et al. 2014

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Acute aerobic exercise can be beneficial to episodic memory. This benefit may occur because exercise produces a similar physiological response as physical stressors. When administered during consolidation, acute stress, both physical and psychological, consistently enhances episodic memory, particularly memory for emotional materials. Here we investigated whether a single bout of resistance exercise performed during consolidation can produce episodic memory benefits 48 hours later. We used a one-leg knee extension/flexion task for the resistance exercise. To assess the physiological response to the exercise, we measured salivary alpha amylase (a biomarker of central norepinephrine), heart rate, and blood pressure. To test emotional episodic memory, we used a remember-know recognition memory paradigm with equal numbers of positive, negative, and neutral IAPS images as stimuli. The group that performed the exercise, the active group, had higher overall recognition accuracy than the group that did not exercise, the passive group. We found a robust effect of valence across groups, with better performance on emotional items as compared to neutral items and no difference between positive and negative items. This effect changed based on the physiological response to the exercise. Within the active group, participants with a high physiological response to the exercise were impaired for neutral items as compared to participants with a low physiological response to the exercise. Our results demonstrate that a single bout of resistance exercise performed during consolidation can enhance episodic memory and that the effect of valence on memory depends on the physiological response to the exercise.

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“…Although the cumulative long-term effects of such programs are unknown, the damaging effects of prolonged oxidative stress are well documented (9). Highintensity workouts such as these can cause a surge in stress hormones similar to what is seen in endurance athletes (11,22), and even worse, when performed in conjunction with physical training that is already heavily endurance focused, further increases the total amount of oxidative stress placed on the body and does not allow for optimal recovery.…”

Section: Chronic Stress and Overtraining Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological Readiness and Resilience

Szivak

Kraemer²

2015

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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Warfighters require a range of physical capabilities to meet the demands of the military profession, and physical training must address performance along an entire continuum, depending on individual needs and mission requirements. Strength and power capabilities are needed for optimal performance of anaerobic tasks such as heavy load carriage, sprinting under load, and maneuvering over uneven terrain. For optimal performance, soldiers must also be able to recover from mission demands and strenuous training. The demands placed on a soldier can result in a chronic stress, leading to decreased mission performance, increased injury risk, and increased susceptibility to illness. These factors are exacerbated by inappropriate training strategies such as overemphasis on endurance exercise combined with other stressors such as lack of sleep or inadequate nutrition. Chronic stress has been linked to overreaching/overtraining and to the development of comorbidities such as metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and hypertension and has adverse effects on memory and cognitive function. Resistance exercise is an effective method to improve warfighter physical performance and resilience to stress, thereby impacting mission readiness. Resistance exercise in particular confers many benefits to include increased strength and power, improved body composition, and protective effects on tendons, ligaments, and bone. Physically fit individuals not only benefit from improved mission performance but also are more resilient to operational stressors faced during combat. Ultimately, resilient soldiers are better able to cope with the physical and mental demands of the military profession and over the long term will perform better while maintaining health and well-being.

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Adrenal Cortical Responses to High-Intensity, Short Rest, Resistance Exercise in Men and Women

Cited by 30 publications

References 32 publications

Changes in Perceived Recovery Status Scale Following High-Volume Muscle Damaging Resistance Exercise

Changes in Perceived Recovery Status Scale Following High-Volume Muscle Damaging Resistance Exercise

A single bout of resistance exercise can enhance episodic memory performance

Physiological Readiness and Resilience

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