Adrenergic and Non-adrenergic Neural Control of the Arterial Wall

Dhital, K.; Burnstock, Geoffrey

doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-1464-2_7

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 348 publications

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“…Because of the position of the terminal plexus at the surface of the tunica media, only the outermost smooth muscle cells are directly innervated. Gap junctions between the muscle cells offer low electrical resistance pathways and electrical coupling between adjacent smooth muscle cells (Dhital and Burnstock, 1989;Owman et al, 1986).…”

Section: Morphology Of Perivascular Plexusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innervation of cerebral blood vessels: Morphology, plasticity, age‐related, and Alzheimer's disease‐related neurodegeneration

Bleys

Cowen

2001

Microscopy Res & Technique

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The light microscopical and ultrastructural morphology of the innervation of the major cerebral arteries and pial vessels is described, including the origins of the different groups of nerve fibres and their characteristic neurotransmitter phenotype. Species and region specific variations are described and novel data regarding the parasympathetic innervation of cerebral vessels are presented. The dynamic nature, or plasticity, of cerebrovascular innervation is emphasized in describing changes affecting particular subpopulations of neurons during normal ageing and in Alzheimer's disease. The molecular controls on plasticity are discussed with particular reference to target-associated factors such as the neurotrophins and their neuronal receptors, as well as extracellular matrix related factors such as laminin. Hypotheses are presented regarding the principal extrinsic and intrinsic influences on plasticity of the cerebrovascular innervation.

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Section: Morphology Of Perivascular Plexusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Innervation of cerebral blood vessels: Morphology, plasticity, age‐related, and Alzheimer's disease‐related neurodegeneration

Bleys

Cowen

2001

Microscopy Res & Technique

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“…The venous system always attracted little attention on behalf of researchers, with less number of studies respect to the arterial side of human blood circulation. [1][2][3] All blood vessels have an inner layer, the intima, lined by endothelium with subjacent connective tissue; a middle layer, the media, composed of smooth muscle, elastic tissue and collagen embedded in a ground substance; and an outer layer, the adventitia, composed of elastic and fibrous tissue.…”

Section: The Venous Wall Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4][5][6] The ability of blood vessel to accommodate or influence changes in blood flow and intraluminal pressure by contraction or relaxation rests largely with the smooth muscle component of their wall, moderated by connective tissue elements and a complex of vasoactive substances and the autonomic nervous system. 3 At one time the smooth muscle was thought to be restricted to the media of vessels but with the advent of electron microscopy and other technological advances, such as immunohistochemistry, it was established that the transitional or myointimal cells, a prominent component of the intima in normal adult blood vessels and also of arteriosclerotic lesions, are smooth muscle cells. [1][2][3] The individual smooth muscle cell is spindle shaped and surrounded by a closely applied basement membrane; it contains thick myosin and thin actin filaments imparting contractile properties.…”

Section: The Venous Wall Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 At one time the smooth muscle was thought to be restricted to the media of vessels but with the advent of electron microscopy and other technological advances, such as immunohistochemistry, it was established that the transitional or myointimal cells, a prominent component of the intima in normal adult blood vessels and also of arteriosclerotic lesions, are smooth muscle cells. [1][2][3] The individual smooth muscle cell is spindle shaped and surrounded by a closely applied basement membrane; it contains thick myosin and thin actin filaments imparting contractile properties. The cytoplasm also contains non-contractile intermediate filaments of vimentin and desmin type as part of the cytoskeleton.…”

Section: The Venous Wall Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Venous compliance and clinical implications

Zamboni

Tavoni

Sisini

et al. 2018

Veins and Lymphatics

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Compliance is a characteristic of every deformable system. Compliance is very clear concept in physics and mechanics but in clinics, perhaps, is not the same. However, in veins compliance fits perfectly with the function of drainage of the venous system. Volumetric increase (dV) of the content is correlated with pressure increase (dP) inside the vein according to the equation C’= dV/dP. In humans 75% of the blood is located in the venous system, primarily because the molecular components of a vein media layer is significantly more compliant to that of arteries. This property is fundamental to understanding the change in blood volume in response to a change in posture. Measurements of venous compliance in clinical practice can be done by the means of ultrasound, as well as with the plethysmography. Ultrasound methods assimilate the cross sectional area to the volume of the vein, because it reflects the blood content. Changes in cross sectional area can be reliably measured in response to a change in posture, while pressure can be derived from the hydrostatic pressure changes. Venous compliance is of paramount importance also in pulsatile veins such as the inferior or superior vena cava and the jugular veins, where high resolution ultrasound may accurately derive the cross sectional area. Clinical implications of the mechanical properties of the venous wall are extensively discussed, including the need of dedicated venous stenting, which takes into account venous compliance as the main parameter of the venous function. In addition, venous compliance is the interpretative key for a better understanding of plethysmography curves, as well as of varicose veins and of their return to normal cross sectional area following ambulatory venous pressure reduction.

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“…The ability of blood vessel to accommodate or influence changes in blood flow and intraluminal pressure by contraction or relaxation rests largely with smooth muscle component of their wall, moderated by connective tissue elements and a complex of vasoactive substances and the autonomic nervous system [17]. At one time the smooth muscle was thought to be restricted to the media of vessels but with the advent of electron microscopy and other technological advances such as immunohistochemistry it was established that so called "transitional" or "myointimal" cells, a prominent component of the intima in normal adult blood vessels and also of arteriosclerotic lesions, are smooth muscle cells.…”

Section: The Venous Wallmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pathology of the Internal Jugular Vein Wall in Multiple Sclerosis

Pedriali¹,

Zamboni²

2015

J Mult Scler

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In the last years it has been described a condition named Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency (CCSVI), frequently but not exclusively associated to Multiple Sclerosis (MS), which generated a strong scientific controversy about the epidemiological prevalence and the possible role in the complex, multi-factorial MS ethio-pathogenesis.However, CCSVI description also stimulated a considerable research activity on the extracranial veins. Among the fields of interest, the pathology of the Internal Jugular Veins (IJVs) was deeply investigated by some groups, so improving our knowledge in an underestimated field of MS research. Currently, the available papers clearly show the presence of abnormalities in the IJV wall of MS patient's respect to control tissue. In the tunica intima a significant derangement and loss of the endothelial cells have been described. Interestingly scanning electronic microscopy showed absence of endothelium in the defective jugular valves. In the adventitia it has been described an inverted ratio between type I and type III collagen, with prevalence of the latter. Finally, in the adventitia layer it has been found the presence of calcifications arranged around the vena venarum. Assessment of immune cells in the three IJV layers did not demonstrate increased infiltration. Current studies do not clarify the origin of the pathology of the IJV in patients with MS. Congenital, infectious, or even post thrombotic ethiology have been advocated. Finally, the review summarizes studies which link the CCSVI pathophysiology to the complex MS pathogenesis, and particularly to the impact of restricted brain outflow on the cerebral spinal fluid dynamics and cerebral perfusion.

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Adrenergic and Non-adrenergic Neural Control of the Arterial Wall

Cited by 9 publications

References 348 publications

Innervation of cerebral blood vessels: Morphology, plasticity, age‐related, and Alzheimer's disease‐related neurodegeneration

Innervation of cerebral blood vessels: Morphology, plasticity, age‐related, and Alzheimer's disease‐related neurodegeneration

Venous compliance and clinical implications

The Pathology of the Internal Jugular Vein Wall in Multiple Sclerosis

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