Adrenergic innervation of the human testis, epididymis, ductus deferens and prostate: a fluorescence microscopic and fluorimetric study

Baumgarten, H. G.; Falck, B.; Holstein, A. F.; Owman, Ch.; Owman, T

doi:10.1007/bf00496704

Cited by 150 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In their histochemical studies of the epididymis, Baumgarten et al (1968) and Sjostrand (1965) found an abundance of CA fluorescent fibers. Risley and Skrepetos (1964), studying rat epididymis, found AChE positive fibers in the body and tail of the epididymis, but not in the head.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

A Histochemical Investigation of the Distribution of Adrenergic and Cholinergic Nerves in the Human Male Genital Organs

Shirai

Sasaki

Rikimaru³

1973

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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-A histochemical studies clarified the peripheral distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves in the human male genital organs. In the human testis, there was a minimal distribu tion of catecholamine fluorescent fibers and acetylcholinesterase positive fibers around the blood vessels and in the interstitium. In the epididymis and the vas deferens, both nerve fibers were abundant in the muscle layer and interstitium. However, no difference in the distribution of these nerve fibers was noted according to the anatomical site of these organs. In the prostate, acetylcholinesterase positive fibers were abundant; but catecholamine fluorescent fibers were relatively few, and found in the interstitium and the muscle layer. These two types of nerve fibers were not found in the epithelial cell layer of the organs. catecho lamine; acetylcholinesterase; testis; epididymis; vas deferens; prostate Little is known about the innervation of the human male gential organs, especially of the testis, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate and penis, though the functions of these organs, i.e., spermatogenic function, ejaculation and erection are well known to be controlled by the nerves. There have been few histochemical studies on the distribution and course of the peripheral nerve supply to these organs.The silver staining method, which was used in the past for studies of the nervous system, is inadequate for accurate classification of the sympathetic and parasym pathetic peripheral nerve distribution in the genital organs.Recently, however, it has become possible to use catecholamine (CA) fluores cence as a histochemical index in order to demonstrate the distribution of adrenergic nerves. The distribution of cholinergic nerves has been demonstrated, using acetylcholinesterase (ACNE) as an index.The authors have already shown histochemically the localization of adrener gic and cholinergic nerves in the human penis . In the present study, the authors have demonstrated histochemically the localization of adrener-

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

A Histochemical Investigation of the Distribution of Adrenergic and Cholinergic Nerves in the Human Male Genital Organs

Shirai

Sasaki

Rikimaru³

1973

Tohoku J. Exp. Med.

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“…Larsson (34) and Polak and coworkers (35,36) have identified VIP-immunoreactive nerve endings characterized by dense-core vesicles with a diameter up to 1600 A. Such nerve endings were originally described with routine fixation procedures for electron microscopy in the gut by Baumgarten et al (37). They were called "p-type" nerves due to their similarity to presumably peptide-containing fibers in the hypothalamus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in cholinergic neurons of exocrine glands: Functional significance of coexisting transmitters for vasodilation and secretion

Lundberg

Änggård

Fahrenkrug

et al. 1980

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

390

161

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The vasodilation induced by nerve stimulation in exocrine glands-e.g., submandibular salivary gland (1), tongue (2), sweat glands (3), and nasal mucosa (4)-is largely atropine resistant, whereas secretion easily can be blocked by muscarinic antagonists. The occurrence of a subpopulation of vasodilatory nerves was first suggested, but later a kinin mechanism was suggested to be responsible for this vasodilation (5-9). MATERIALS AND METHODSTen cats (body weight 2-4 kg) of both sexes were used for immunohistochemical studies. In two of these cats the superior cervical ganglion was excised unilaterally 14 days before they were killed. In four other cats vinblastine sulfate (Sigma) (1% in 0.9% NaCl) was locally applied to the submandibular and sphenopalatine ganglia and to pancreas 24 hr before perfusion with ice-cold 10% (vol/vol) formalin (21). These ganglia and parts of the submandibular gland, the nasal mucosa, tongue, lung, and pancreas were then processed for indirect immunohistochemical studies according to Coons (22) as described (see ref. 18) by use of a VIP antibody (5603-5; for detail about this antiserum, see refs. 23 and 24) and AcChoE staining (18,25,26). In some cases, immunohistochemical analysis for VIP and AcChoE staining were performed on the same section. Alternatively, adjacent sections were processed for the respective procedure. The latter approach was used because Triton X-100 (added to VIP antiserum to enhance penetration of antibodies) inactivated AcChoE (18,27). For details and validity of procedures and for controls, see ref. 18. Physiological experiments were done in 15 cats anesthetized with chloralose (50 mg/kg) plus urethane (100 mg/kg) intravenously. The trachea was cannulated. The blood pressure was recorded via a femoral artery. Rectal temperature was kept constant at 38°C. The submandibular gland, its duct, and nerve supply were exposed. The duct was cannulated with a polyethylene tube (PE 50) and salivation was measured with a drop recorder. The chorda-lingual nerve was cut, and the peripheral cut end was mounted to a bipolar platinum electrode. Preganglionic stimulation was performed with square wave pulses of either 2 or 15 Hz, 8 V, and a duration of 1 msec. To measure the venous outflow from the gland, we introduced a polyethylene catheter (PE 160) into the external jugular vein after all branches, except the one draining the submandibular gland, had been tied. Blood flow was measured by a drop recorder and blood was reinfused into the cephalic vein with a peristaltic pump. Heparin (1000 IU/kg) was given intravenously. The Abbreviations: VIP, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide; AcCho, acetylcholine; AcChoE, acetylcholinesterase. 1651The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U. S. C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.

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“…5-Hydroxytryptaminergic neurones and enterochromaffin cells containing 5-HT are known to exist in the gut (Benditt & Wong, 1957;Penttila, 1966;Robinson & Gershon, 1971;Juorio & Gabella, 1974;Gershon & Sherman, 1982;Holzer & Skofitsch, 1984), and cells emitting a yellow indole fluorescence, morphologically resembling enterochromaffin cells, were observed in human prostatic mucosa (Baumgarten et al, 1968). SIF cells possessing 5-HT have been identified in the superior cervical ganglion of the rat (Eranko & Harkonen, 1965;Verhofstad et al, 1981).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Release of 5‐hydroxytryptamine, dopamine and noradrenaline in the rat vas deferens in the presence of compound 48/80, veratridine or K+

Celuch

Sloley

1989

British J Pharmacology

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1 The release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine and noradrenaline (NA) from the rat isolated vas deferens was estimated by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. 2 Compound 48/80, which is known to release 5-HT and histamine from mast cells, induced a concentration-related, rapid overflow of 5-HT from the rat isolated vas deferens, releasing about 50% of the 5-HT present in the tissue at a concentration of 300 pg mlP. The drug did not induce the release of either dopamine or NA. 3 The depolarizing agents veratridiie (1OpM) or K+ (100mM) induced the release of 5-10% of the 5-HT present in the vas deferens, but did not evoke the overflow of 5-HT from isolated mast cells. 4 Veratridine induced the release of a greater proportion of the dopamine than of the NA contained in the vas deferens (41.0 + 5.5 vs 17.9 + 2.0%, after 20min of exposure to the drug, n = 6). In contrast, K+ evoked the release of both amines equally. 5 It is concluded that in the rat vas deferens 5-HT is stored in mast cells and also in cells responsive to depolarizing stimuli. It is suggested that 5-HT could be a neuromodulator or a neurotransmitter in this organ. Veratridine and K+ induce the release of dopamine in addition to NA.

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Adrenergic innervation of the human testis, epididymis, ductus deferens and prostate: a fluorescence microscopic and fluorimetric study

Cited by 150 publications

References 22 publications

A Histochemical Investigation of the Distribution of Adrenergic and Cholinergic Nerves in the Human Male Genital Organs

A Histochemical Investigation of the Distribution of Adrenergic and Cholinergic Nerves in the Human Male Genital Organs

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in cholinergic neurons of exocrine glands: Functional significance of coexisting transmitters for vasodilation and secretion

Release of 5‐hydroxytryptamine, dopamine and noradrenaline in the rat vas deferens in the presence of compound 48/80, veratridine or K+

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