Adrenocortical and Gonadal Steroids in Behavioral Cardiovascular Medicine

Emotion regulation in emerging adult couples: Temperament, attachment, and HPA response to conflict

“…The way in which a person or couple responds to stressful situations has important implications for mental and physical health; an inability to cope with the stresses that inevitably arise within relationships sets the stage for distressed relationships, which in turn increase the risk for internalizing disorders (Coyne et al, 2002;Davila et al, 2003) and morbidity/mortality (e.g., Helgeson, 1991;Hibbard & Pope, 1993). Physiological stress response, as measured by the output of the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, offers a promising route by which relationship stress might lead to such disorders, given that dysregulation of this system consistently characterizes depressive and/or anxiety disorders (e.g., Butler & Nemeroff, 1990;Young et al, 2004), as well as impaired cardiovascular and immune function (Glaser & Kiecolt-Glaser, 1994;Kuhn, 1989). To understand differences in couples' responses to conflict and the health implications of these responses, we propose a biopsychosocial model of emotion regulation, in which a combination of intra-and interpersonal characteristics shapes one's response to stressors across various psychobiological systems.…”

Exposure to Mild Hypoxia Associated with Oral Breathing Affects The NK Cell Ratio in The Spleen

“…However, according to a report by Kimura et al, no significant change was observed in cortisol immediately after exposure to acute stress (25). Moreover, according to the finding that cardiovascular activity may be enhanced immediately after exposure to acute stress (26), it should be considered that under acute stress, immune modulation is not affected by HPA axis activation, but is largely affected by activation of the autonomic nerve system. Regarding the action mechanism, adrenaline and noradrenaline, which are secreted when the sympathetic nerve system is stimulated, act on the adrenergic receptors present on the surface of NK cells (27,28), increasing the number and proportion thereof (29)(30)(31).…”

Repetitive and Monotonous Work Among Women: Psychophysiological and Subjective Stress Reactions, Muscle Activity and Neck and Shoulder Pain

“…The overall purpose of this process is to change the behavior and redirect the energy resources to meet the perceived threat or challenge in the most efficient way (Chrousos & Gold, 1992). In addition, the system is controlled by feedback inhibition at different levels of the central nervous system (Kuhn, 1989).…”

“…Cortisol is considered to play a pivotal role in the bodily response to stress and maintenance of homeostasis by means of allostatic regulation, but is also important under normal physiological functioning (Guyton, 1984;Kirschbaum & Hellhammer, 2000;Kuhn, 1989;Tsigos & Chrousos, 2002). As a general metabolic hormone that affects the metabolism of glucose, fat and protein in the body, it is of central importance in acute stress when an increased metabolic demand is at hand and cortisol mobilizes and provides the organism with necessary energy resources.…”

“…Elevated cortisol levels during such short periods of stress, followed by recuperation and return to baseline hormonal levels when the threat or challenge is over, has a protective effect that promotes adaptation and can thus be described as a healthy and dynamic stress response (Kristenson, Eriksen, Sluiter, Starke & Ursin, 2004). Besides playing a central role in metabolism, cortisol also affects numerous other physiological systems and processes of importance from a stress perspective, such as the SAM, the cardiovascular and immune systems and the inflammatory, cognitive and affective processes (Berne & Levy, 1993;Kuhn, 1989;McEwen, 2000a).…”