Adrenocortical Zonation, Renewal, and Remodeling

Pihlajoki, Marjut; Dörner, Julia; Cochran, Rebecca; Heikinheimo, Markku; Wilson, David B.

doi:10.3389/fendo.2015.00027

Cited by 83 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…They become activated only during specific developmental stages or in response to extreme physiological demand. Senescent cells can also be renewed through direct lineage conversion; for example, cells in the ZG can transform into cells of the ZF [37,38] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light and electron microscopic study on the effect of immobilization stress on adrenal cortex of adult rats and possible ameliorative role of vitamin E.

Altayeb

Salem

2017

Journal of Medical Histology

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Background: Modern society is full of stress. Immobilization stress is a model used in animals to study its effects. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects biological membranes from oxidative stress. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of immobilization stress on the adrenal cortex of rats and the ameliorative effect of vitamin E. Materials and Methods: Forty adult male rats were used in this study and were divided equally into 4 groups. Group I: were divided equally into negative and positive controls. Group II: rats received vitamin E at a dose of 40 I.U/kg by gastric tube for 30 days. Group III: rats subjected to immobilization stress 2 hours /day for 30 days. Group IV: rats subjected to immobilization stress 2 hours /day and received 40 I.U/kg of vitamin E for 30 days. Adrenal sections were histologically prepared and examined. Results: Group II was comparable to group IA. Group III revealed zona glomerulosa (ZG) with loss of normal architecture, zona fasciculata (ZF) with multiple cells containing cytoplasmic vacuolations and darkly stained nuclei. By EM ZG cells appeared with accumulations of lipid droplets and lysosomes, irregular nuclear envelopes and chromatin condensation. ZF cells showed numerous lipid droplets and irregular nuclear envelopes. There were significant increases in the mean area of collagen fibers and mean serum cortisol level. Group IV revealed regression of these changes and increase in the mean count of CD44 +ve cells. Conclusions: Immobilization stress exerted deleterious suprarenal cortical changes and vitamin E had an ameliorative effect.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light and electron microscopic study on the effect of immobilization stress on adrenal cortex of adult rats and possible ameliorative role of vitamin E.

Altayeb

Salem

2017

Journal of Medical Histology

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“…The mechanisms involved in adrenocortical remodeling are complex and sometimes redundant, with the aim of preserving or restoring homeostasis or coping with stress (Pihlajoki et al 2015). There are indications that ACTH is involved in various aspects of the dynamic organization of the adrenal cortex, namely cell migration and proliferation.…”

Section: Effect Of Acth On Adrenal Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

60 YEARS OF POMC: Adrenal and extra-adrenal functions of ACTH

Gallo‐Payet

2016

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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The pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) plays a pivotal role in homeostasis and stress response and is thus the major component of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis. After a brief summary of ACTH production from proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and on ACTH receptor properties, the first part of the review covers the role of ACTH in steroidogenesis and steroid secretion. We highlight the mechanisms explaining the differential acute vs chronic effects of ACTH on aldosterone and glucocorticoid secretion. The second part summarizes the effects of ACTH on adrenal growth, addressing its role as either a mitogenic or a differentiating factor. We then review the mechanisms involved in steroid secretion, from the classical Cyclic adenosine monophosphate second messenger system to various signaling cascades. We also consider how the interaction between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton may trigger activation of signaling platforms potentially stimulating or repressing the steroidogenic potency of ACTH. Finally, we consider the extra-adrenal actions of ACTH, in particular its role in differentiation in a variety of cell types, in addition to its known lipolytic effects on adipocytes. In each section, we endeavor to correlate basic mechanisms of ACTH function with the pathological consequences of ACTH signaling deficiency and of overproduction of ACTH.

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“…The embryonic adrenogonadal primordium (AGP) is a source of progenitors for three major steroidogenic organs: ovaries, testes and adrenal cortex [1]. AGP cells differentiate into gonadal and adrenal primordium and later into independent organs [1] although, recently AGP-like cells were found in the capsule of the mouse adrenal cortex [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AGP cells differentiate into gonadal and adrenal primordium and later into independent organs [1] although, recently AGP-like cells were found in the capsule of the mouse adrenal cortex [2]. Therefore disrupted endocrine homeostasis, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Luteinizing Hormone and GATA4 Action in the Adrenocortical Tumorigenesis of Gonadectomized Female Mice

Doroszko

Chruściel

Stelmaszewska

et al. 2017

Cell Physiol Biochem

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Background/Aims: Physiological role of luteinizing hormone (LH) and its receptor (LHCGR) in adrenal remains unknown. In inhibin-α/Simian Virus 40 T antigen (SV40Tag) (inhα/Tag) mice, gonadectomy-induced (OVX) elevated LH triggers the growth of transcription factor GATA4 (GATA4)-positive adrenocortical tumors in a hyperplasia-adenoma-adenocarcinoma sequence. Methods: We investigated the role of LHCGR in tumor induction, by crossbreeding inhα/Tag with Lhcgr knockout (LuRKO) mice. By knocking out Lhcgr and Gata4 in Cα1 adrenocortical cells (Lhcgr-ko, Gata4-ko) we tested their role in tumor progression. Results: Adrenal tumors of OVX inhα/Tag mice develop from the hyperplastic cells localized in the topmost layer of zona fasciculata. OVX inhα/Tag/LuRKO only developed SV40Tag positive hyperplastic cells that were GATA4 negative, cleaved caspase-3 positive and did not progress into adenoma. In contrast to Lhcgr-ko, Gata4-ko Cα1 cells presented decreased proliferation, increased apoptosis, decreased expression of Inha, SV40Tag and Lhcgr tumor markers, as well as up-regulated adrenal- and down-regulated sex steroid gene expression. Both Gata4-ko and Lhcgr-ko Cα1 cells had decreased expression of steroidogenic genes resulting in decreased basal progesterone production. Conclusion: Our data indicate that LH/LHCGR signaling is critical for the adrenal cell reprogramming by GATA4 induction prompting adenoma formation and gonadal-like phenotype of the adrenocortical tumors in inhα/Tag mice.

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Adrenocortical Zonation, Renewal, and Remodeling

Cited by 83 publications

References 122 publications

Light and electron microscopic study on the effect of immobilization stress on adrenal cortex of adult rats and possible ameliorative role of vitamin E.

Light and electron microscopic study on the effect of immobilization stress on adrenal cortex of adult rats and possible ameliorative role of vitamin E.

60 YEARS OF POMC: Adrenal and extra-adrenal functions of ACTH

Luteinizing Hormone and GATA4 Action in the Adrenocortical Tumorigenesis of Gonadectomized Female Mice

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