Adsorbents Reduce Aflatoxin M1 Residue in Milk of Healthy Dairy Cow Exposed to Moderate Level Aflatoxin B1 in Diet and Its Exposure Risk for Humans

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of moderate risk level (8 µg/kg) AFB1 in diet supplemented with or without adsorbents on lactation performance, serum parameters, milk AFM1 content of healthy lactating cows and the AFM1 residue exposure risk in different human age groups. Forty late healthy lactating Holstein cows (270 ± 22 d in milk; daily milk yield 21 ± 3.1 kg/d) were randomly assigned to four treatments: control diet without AFB1 and adsorbents (CON), CON with 8 μg/kg AFB1 (dry matter basis, AF), AF + 15 g/d adsorbent 1 (AD1), AF + 15 g/d adsorbent 2 (AD2). The experiment lasted for 19 days, including an AFB1-challenge phase (day 1 to 14) and an AFB1-withdraw phase (day 15 to 19). Results showed that both AFB1 and adsorbents treatments had no significant effects on the DMI, milk yield, 3.5% FCM yield, milk components and serum parameters. Compared with the AF, AD1 and AD2 had significantly lower milk AFM1 concentrations (93 ng/L vs. 46 ng/L vs. 51 ng/L) and transfer rates of dietary AFB1 into milk AFM1 (1.16% vs. 0.57% vs. 0.63%) (p < 0.05). Children aged 2–4 years old had the highest exposure risk to AFM1 in milk in AF, with an EDI of 1.02 ng/kg bw/day and a HI of 5.11 (HI > 1 indicates a potential risk for liver cancer). Both AD1 and AD2 had obviously reductions in EDI and HI for all population groups, whereas, the EDI (≥0.25 ng/kg bw/day) and HI (≥1.23) of children aged 2–11 years old were still higher than the suggested tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.20 ng/kg bw/day and 1.00 (HI). In conclusion, moderate risk level AFB1 in the diet of healthy lactating cows could cause a public health hazard and adding adsorbents in the dairy diet is an effective measure to remit AFM1 residue in milk and its exposure risk for humans.

Interrelationships Between Milk Constituents, Protein Profile, Genotypes of Kappa-Casein Gene and Ethanol Stability of Cow's Milk

“…However, Queiroz et al (2012) and Intanoo et al (2020) reported that when cows exposed to naturally contaminated diets contained 22.28 µg/kg of AFB1 resulted in a significant drop in both protein concentration and fat yield of milk. Furthermore, Cha et al (2021) illustrated that there were no significant differences in milk components (milk fat, protein, lactose, and SCC) of the dairy cows fed with the moderate risk level of (8 g/kg of diet dry matter) AFB1with or without adsorbents. Moreover, Xiong et al (2015) and Gonçalves et al (2017) proclaimed that multiple factors worked behind the aflatoxin M1 excretion amount into raw milk like; AFB1 cow's dietary levels, stage of lactation, milk yield, mammary gland condition, and individual receptivity.…”

Carry-Over of Aflatoxin B1 from Feed to Cow Milk—A Review

“…Experience from the carry-over studies [ 1 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ] shows that aflatoxin consumed with contaminated feed appears relatively quickly (within a few hours after consumption) in milk as AFM1, reaches its maximum within a few days, and its level quickly falls when the source of contamination is eliminated from feed.…”

“…It is reported that clay products have not consistently prevented decreases in milk yield caused by AFB1 ingestion, and yeast fermentation products have been reported to have potential to improve animal performance parameters [ 42 ]. More recent studies have focused on the combined application of clays and yeast [ 17 , 24 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 67 ] or the use of natural compounds, particularly phytogenic compounds, such as curcumin and curcuminoids from turmeric powder [ 68 ]. A short summary of the reviewed studies is provided in Appendix A .…”

“…Supplementation with these also reduced the time required for the AFM1 level in milk to drop below the FDA limit after AFB1 was withdrawn from the diet [ 46 ]. Cha et al (2021) [ 24 ] experienced significantly lower milk AFM1 concentrations and AFB1-AFM1 transfer rates (0.57% and 0.63% compared to 1.16%) when a montmorillonite-diatomite based patented adsorbent and a montmorillonite, diatomite, yeast cell wall and sodium-alginate-based adsorbent were fed to cows in addition to an aflatoxin challenge. In one of the most recent works, Girolami et al (2022) [ 68 ] studied the effects of curcumin and curcuminoids from turmeric powder on the carry-over of aflatoxins.…”

“…Cha et al (2021) [ 24 ] experienced significantly lower milk AFM1 concentrations and AFB1-AFM1 transfer rates (0.57% and 0.63% compared to 1.16%) when a montmorillonite-diatomite based patented adsorbent and a montmorillonite, diatomite, yeast cell wall and sodium-alginate-based adsorbent were fed to cows in addition to an aflatoxin challenge.…”