Adsorption and Immobilization of Cytochrome <i>c</i> on Nanodiamonds

Huang, Li-Shing; Chang, Huan‐Cheng

doi:10.1021/la0495736

Cited by 378 publications

(317 citation statements)

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“…As pointed out in our previous work (27)(28)(29) and described in Materials and Methods, the surface of nanodiamonds can be easily functionalized with carboxyl groups and their derivatives for specific or nonspecific binding with nucleic acids and proteins. Such a unique characteristic opens many opportunities for both in vitro and in vivo applications of FNDs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such a unique characteristic opens many opportunities for both in vitro and in vivo applications of FNDs. One such example consists of coating carboxylated FNDs with polyL-lysines (PLs) to facilitate binding of the particles nonspecifically with DNA through electrostatic interactions (27,29,30). In this experiment, a single T4 DNA molecule fluorescently labeled with TOTO-1 dye molecules was stretched on an amine-terminated glass substrate with a channel-combing method (31).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization and application of single fluorescent nanodiamonds as cellular biomarkers

Lee

Chen

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Type Ib diamonds emit bright fluorescence at 550 -800 nm from nitrogen-vacancy point defects, (N-V) 0 and (N-V) ؊ , produced by high-energy ion beam irradiation and subsequent thermal annealing. The emission, together with noncytotoxicity and easiness of surface functionalization, makes nano-sized diamonds a promising fluorescent probe for single-particle tracking in heterogeneous environments. We present the result of our characterization and application of single fluorescent nanodiamonds as cellular biomarkers. We found that, under the same excitation conditions, the fluorescence of a single 35-nm diamond is significantly brighter than that of a single dye molecule such as Alexa Fluor 546. The latter photobleached in the range of 10 s at a laser power density of 10 4 W/cm 2 , whereas the nanodiamond particle showed no sign of photobleaching even after 5 min of continuous excitation. Furthermore, no fluorescence blinking was detected within a time resolution of 1 ms. The photophysical properties of the particles do not deteriorate even after surface functionalization with carboxyl groups, which form covalent bonding with polyL-lysines that interact with DNA molecules through electrostatic forces. The feasibility of using surface-functionalized fluorescent nanodiamonds as single-particle biomarkers is demonstrated with both fixed and live HeLa cells.blinking ͉ photobleaching ͉ single-molecule detection ͉ single-particle tracking ͉ live cell O ne of the key avenues to understanding how biological systems function at the molecular level is to probe biomolecules individually and observe how they interact with each other directly in vivo. Laser-induced fluorescence is a technique widely adopted for this purpose owing to its ultrahigh sensitivity and capabilities of performing multiple-probe detection (1-3). However, in applying this technique to imaging and tracking a single molecule or particle in a biological cell, progress is often hampered by the presence of ubiquitous endogenous components such as flavins, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides, collagens, and porphyrins that produce high fluorescence background signals (4-6). These biomolecules typically absorb light at wavelengths in the range of 300-500 nm and fluoresce at 400-550 nm (Fig. 1). To avoid such interference, a good biological fluorescent probe should absorb light at a wavelength longer than 500 nm and emit light at a wavelength longer than 600 nm, at which the emission has a long penetration depth through cells and tissues (5, 7). Organic dyes and fluorescent proteins are two types of molecules often used to meet such a requirement (1,8,9); however, the detrimental photophysical properties of these molecules, such as photobleaching and blinking, inevitably restrict their applications for long-term in vitro or in vivo observations. Fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals (or quantum dots), on the other hand, have gained considerable attention in recent years because they hold a number of advantageous features including high photobleaching thresholds a...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and application of single fluorescent nanodiamonds as cellular biomarkers

Lee

Chen

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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812

455

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“…The amount of analytes adsorbed onto the nanoparticles increases with decreasing the diameter of nanoparticles [42]. However,ëcollectionëofëtheënanoparticles with diameter smaller than 10 nm by centrifugation was not easy.…”

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confidence: 96%

Analysis of peptides and proteins affinity-bound to iron oxide nanoparticles by MALDI MS

Chang

Zheng

Chen

et al. 2007

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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Iron oxide nanoparticles modified with oleate have been employed for the extraction of peptides and proteins from aqueous solution before matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometric (MS) analysis. Adsorption of peptides and proteins onto the nanoparticles were mainly through electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic interaction. The analyte-adsorbed iron oxide nanoparticles could be efficiently collected from solution using a magnet. No elution step was needed. With this preconcentration strategy, the lowest detectable concentration of angiotensin I, insulin, and myoglobin in 500 L of aqueous solution were 0.1 nM, 0.1 nM, and 10.0 nM, respectively. In addition, the nanoparticles could extract the analytes from solution with a high content of salt and surfactant, thus eliminating suppression effect during MALDI MS analysis. This method was successfully applied to concentrate the tryptic digest products of cytochrome c. In addition, the tryptic digestion of cytochrome c can be directly conducted on the iron oxide nanoparticles. atrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) has become a routine analytical tool to determine the molecular mass of biomolecules [1][2][3]. However, samples containing excessive amounts of salts, surfactants, or other contaminations suffer from ionization suppression and adduct formation [4,5]. This limits the application of MALDI technique. Therefore, a simple and selective procedure for extraction and concentration of analyte from complex samples before MALDI MS is required.Various methods have been developed to isolate the analyte from complex sample matrix. In surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI), the sample target played an active role in the extraction, purification, or concentration of the analyte of interest [6 -9]. The target surface was derivatized for the selective retention of analyte while removing interferences through on-target washing. Several surface derivatizations have been designed to extract and concentrate the analyte through hydrophobic interaction [10,11], ionic interaction [12,13], or immunoaffinity [14,15]. However, the sensitivity improvement was limited by the number of binding sites on the target. In another approach, the so-called surface-enhanced affinity capture (SEAC), micrometer-sized beads made for chromatography column were used to capture peptides and proteins from sample solution [16]. Various types of beads have been used, which include reverse-phase chromatographic beads [17,18] and immobilized metal ion beads [19 -21]. To speed up the collection of analyteadsorbed beads from sample solution, magnetic particles, which can be simply collected using a magnet, were developed [22][23][24]. After collection, the microbeads were washed and placed on sample target, followed by analyzing with MALDI MS. Unfortunately, the presence of those particles on the sample target was reported to cause decrease in mass accuracy and resolution [25,26].Recently, nanoparticles have become interesting p...

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“…These preparative steps have enabled a variety of (Mohan et al 2010b) 0.99 (Mohan et al 2010b) 7.9 × 10 3 Photostable, only blinks when NV centre is close to surface (Bradac et al 2010) Non-toxic below 400 μg/mL ( biologically active molecules to be non-covalently (Table 4) or covalently (Table 5) attached to nanodiamonds. For instance, poly-L-lysine has been both physisorbed (Huang and Chang 2004;Kong et al 2005a;Huang et al 2008) and covalently bonded via carbodiimide chemistry (Fu et al 2007;Lim et al 2009) onto the surface of acid-oxidised nanodiamonds. Other nanodiamonds have been reduced with borane, had silanes grafted to their surfaces and then were covalently bonded to biotin, a widely used universal receptor for streptavidin in biological labelling techniques (Neugart et al 2007;.…”

Section: Surface Functionalisation Of Nanodiamondmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acid treatments: Hydrogen plasma treatment (Thoms et al 1994;Strother et al 2002;Knickerbocker et al 2003) -Nitric and sulphuric acid (Kong et al 2005a;Huang and Chang 2004;Liu et al 2008;Chao et al 2007;Ushizawa et al 2002) Annealing in hydrogen gas (Härtl et al 2004;Christiaens et al 2006;Saini et al 2008) -Nitric acid Huang et al 2008;Sushchev et al 2008;Mitev et al 2007) Water vapour treatment (Ando et al 1996a) -Hydrochloric acid (Kossovsky et al 1995;Mitev et al 2007) Borane (BH3) (Krüger et al 2006;Neugart et al 2007;Liang et al 2009;Zhang et al 2009b) -Perchloric acid (Xu et al 2005) -Potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid (Mitev et al 2007) -Sulfuric acid and potassium permanganate (Xu et al 2005) Annealing in:…”

Section: Oxidation/carboxylation Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Luminescent nanodiamonds for biomedical applications

et al. 2011

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In recent years, nanodiamonds have emerged from primarily an industrial and mechanical applications base, to potentially underpinning sophisticated new technologies in biomedical and quantum science. Nanodiamonds are relatively inexpensive, biocompatible, easy to surface functionalise and optically stable. This combination of physical properties are ideally suited to biological applications, including intracellular labelling and tracking, extracellular drug delivery and adsorptive detection of bioactive molecules. Here we describe some of the methods and challenges for processing nanodiamond materials, detection schemes and some of the leading applications currently under investigation.

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Adsorption and Immobilization of Cytochrome c on Nanodiamonds

Cited by 378 publications

References 39 publications

Characterization and application of single fluorescent nanodiamonds as cellular biomarkers

Characterization and application of single fluorescent nanodiamonds as cellular biomarkers

Analysis of peptides and proteins affinity-bound to iron oxide nanoparticles by MALDI MS

Luminescent nanodiamonds for biomedical applications

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