Adsorption and Infectivity of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) with Various Solids

Yoshinaka, Toko; Yoshimizu, Mamoru; Ezura, Yoshio

doi:10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0064:aaioih>2.0.co;2

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 10 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Correcting for this, the UVC dose absorbed by the virus particles in wastewater, and necessary for a 3-log reduction in infectivity of the different viruses, would be 2.5 to 5 times lower than in freshwater. An explanation for this may be that viruses easily become attached to particulate materials in aquatic environments (Yoshinaka et al 2000), which can result in lower virus titres, as measured in endpoint dilution, as the viruses may not be evenly distributed in the sample but aggregated to particles.The results from RT-PCR of irradiated tissue homogenate from salmon with experimental ISAV infection showed that complete removal of positive RT-PCR results required much higher UVC doses than removal of infectivity. An 890 bp amplicon was still detectable after a UVC dose of 1750 J m .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Inactivation of infectious salmon anaemia virus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in water using UVC irradiation

Øye¹,

Rimstad²

2001

Dis. Aquat. Org.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The UVC irradiation doses necessary for a 99.9% (3-log) inactivation of 3 different fish pathogenic viruses diluted in freshwater/seawater and wastewater from a fish processing plant were determined. The results showed that both infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) and viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) were very sensitive to UVC irradiation, showing a 3-log reduction of infectivity in freshwater of 33 ± 3.5 and 7.9 ± 1.5 J m -2 , respectively, while that of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) was substantially higher, 1188 ± 57 J m -2. Using ISAV as a model, a comparison of the effect of UVC irradiation on virus isolation versus reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that considerably higher UVC doses, depending on the length of the amplified product, were necessary to abolish RT-PCR detection of viral RNA. KEY WORDS: UVC inactivation · Infectious salmon anaemia virus · Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus · Viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 48: [1][2][3][4][5] 2001 action are responsible for virus inactivation. The effect of UV on inactivation of micro-organisms depends on the dose, which is defined as intensity times exposure time. Infectious salmon anaemia is observed in Atlantic salmon during the seawater period. However, many hatcheries add seawater to their incoming freshwater for pH stabilisation; therefore the disease has probably also been found in hatcheries (Nylund et al. 1999). In Europe, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia mainly occurs in freshwater-farmed rainbow trout, but has also been found in marine fish, and there are probably reservoirs of VHSV in marine fish species (Mortensen et al. 1999). Infectious pancreatic necrosis in farmed Atlantic salmon occurs frequently in fry, but also in smolts shortly after transfer to seawater.There are regulatory requirements for treatment of wastewater from hatcheries and salmon abattoirs. The water should be cleared of pathogens as infectious agents may pose a risk for farming downstream of the outlet or for marine farming. However, wastewater, especially from abattoirs, has a high content of proteins and particulate materials that may influence the effect of the disinfectants.The purpose of the present work is to examine the effect of UVC on the viability of the ISAV, but also for VHSV and IPNV, both in water resembling incoming water to hatcheries and in wastewater from salmon abattoirs. Two methods -virus isolation in cell culture and RT-PCR -were compared in order to determine the occurrence of ISAV following UVC irradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODSViruses and cells. The ISAV strain Glesvaer/2/90 was used (Dannevig et al. 1995). This virus was cultivated in salmon head kidney cells (SHK-1) using Leibovitz L-15 medium supplemented with foetal bovine serum (5%), glutamine (4 mM), 2-mercaptoethanol (40 µM), and gentamicin (50 µg ml -1 ) as the growth medium. The VHSV, Voldbjerg strain, DK9592B, was grown in blue ...

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of infectious salmon anaemia virus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in water using UVC irradiation

Øye¹,

Rimstad²

2001

Dis. Aquat. Org.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Thus unlike the current study, the period of contact with the cells was short and the closeness of contact was unclear. Enteroviruses from mammals were most frequently studied (Lipson and Stotzky 1986;Schaub and Sagik 1975), but a fish rhabdovirus, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), also has been investigated (Yoshinaka et al 2000). In all cases adsorbed virus remained infectious and in some cases infectivity seemed to have been enhanced (Lipson and Stotzky 1986).…”

Section: Infectiousness Of Virus Adsorbed To Plastic Surfacesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using 96-well tissue culture polystyrene plates and a fluorescence plate reader as tools to study the survival and inactivation of viruses on surfaces

2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A method for studying the behavior of viruses on surfaces has been developed and is illustrated by determining the temperatures that inactivate adsorbed viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and the concentration of 1-propanol that disinfected surfaces with adsorbed VHSV and chum salmon virus (CSV). VHSV is a rhabdovirus; CSV, a reovirus, and they were detected with two fish cell lines, EPC and CHSE-214, respectively. When polystyrene tissue culture surfaces were incubated with virus, rinsed, and left to dry, they still supported the attachment and spreading of cell lines and after 7 days these cells showed the characteristic CPE of the viruses. Thus cells appeared to be infected directly from surfaces on which viruses had been adsorbed. Applying this property to 96-well plates allowed duplicate surfaces to be examined for their infectiousness or support of CPE. For each treatment 80 replicate surfaces in a 96-well plate were tested at one time and the results expressed as the number of wells showing CPE. VHSV adsorbed to polystyrene was inactivated by drying in the dark at temperatures above 14°C, but remained infectious for at least 15 days of drying at 4°C. For chemical sterilization of polystyrene surfaces with adsorbed virus, disinfection was achieved with 1-propanol at 40% for VHSV and at 60% for CSV. As CPE can be conveniently monitored in 96-well plates with a fluorescence plate reader, this method can be used to rapidly evaluate a variety of treatments for their ability to inactivate surface-bound viruses.

show abstract

“…1) may facilitate continuous passage of VHSV to new hosts in a school, the rapid kinetics of acute disease should quickly exhaust a discrete population of susceptible individuals and eventually result in virus extinction. Therefore, if continuous passage of virus to susceptible members of the population represents the primary mechanism respon-191 Mar Ecol Prog Ser 400: [187][188][189][190][191][192][193] 2010 sible for VHSV persistence, then viral compensatory mechanisms are necessary, including a broad host range (Skall et al 2005) and prolonged viral stability in seawater (Hawley & Garver 2008), ovarian fluid (Kocan et al 2001b) and/or suspended particulates (Yoshinaka et al 2000). Additionally, it is likely that VHSV is also maintained in wild populations through sub-acute manifestations of the disease.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of viral shedding provide insights into the epidemiology of viral hemorrhagic septicemia in Pacific herring

Hershberger

Gregg²,

Grady³

et al. 2010

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Losses from infectious diseases are an important component of natural mortality among marine fish species, but factors controlling the ecology of these diseases and their potential responses to anthropogenic changes are poorly understood. We used viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and a laboratory stock of Pacific herring Clupea pallasii to investigate the kinetics of viral shedding and its effect on disease transmission and host mortality. Outbreaks of acute disease, accompanied by mortality and viral shedding, were initiated after waterborne exposure of herring to concentrations of VHSV as low as 10 1 plaque-forming units (pfu) ml -1 . Shed virus in flow-through tanks was first detected 4 to 5 d post-exposure, peaked after 6 to 10 d, and was no longer detected after 16 d. Shedding rates, calculated from density, flow and waterborne virus titer reached 1.8 to 5.0 × 10 8 pfu fish -1 d -1. Onset of viral shedding was dose-dependent and preceded initial mortality by 2 d. At 21 d, cumulative mortality in treatment groups ranged from 81 to 100% and was dependent not on challenge dose, but on the kinetics and level of viral shedding by infected fish in the tank. Possible consequences of the viral shedding and disease kinetics are discussed in the context of epizootic initiation and perpetuation among populations of wild Pacific herring. KEY WORDS: Viral shedding · VHSV · Pacific herring · Clupea pallasii · Disease ecology Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 400: [187][188][189][190][191][192][193] 2010 herring populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska, involves excess mortality from disease (Marty et al. 1998(Marty et al. , 2003, although the precise role of VHS remains controversial (Elston & Meyers 2009).Factors contributing to the onset of VHS epizootics in populations of wild marine fishes are not well understood, but initial infection occurs following direct contact with exogenous waterborne virus (Kocan et al. 2001a). Laboratory studies show that epizootics are readily initiated in naïve stocks of Pacific herring after a 1 h waterborne exposure to moderate levels (10 3 plaque-forming units [pfu] ml -1 ) or greater of VHSV (Kocan et al. 1997). However, field surveys have detected only low titers of virus (5 to 15 pfu ml -1 ) in samples of marine water collected in the vicinity of free-ranging schools of herring (Hershberger et al. 1999).The objectives of this study were to determine the minimum exposure thresholds required to initiate epizootics of VHS in Pacific herring and to quantify the kinetics of viral shedding from infected fish. These empirically deduced infection thresholds and virus shedding rates are discussed in the context of disease initiation and perpetuation in wild marine fishes. MATERIALS AND METHODSMinimum exposure levels required to initiate VHS epizootics in groups of 1+ yr old (mean length = 100 mm, SD = 7.2 mm), specific pathogen-free (SPF) Pacific herring (Hershberger et al. 2007) were determined by immer...

show abstract

Adsorption and Infectivity of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV) with Various Solids

Cited by 17 publications

References 10 publications

Inactivation of infectious salmon anaemia virus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in water using UVC irradiation

Inactivation of infectious salmon anaemia virus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in water using UVC irradiation

Using 96-well tissue culture polystyrene plates and a fluorescence plate reader as tools to study the survival and inactivation of viruses on surfaces

Kinetics of viral shedding provide insights into the epidemiology of viral hemorrhagic septicemia in Pacific herring

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About