At present, an interest has grown in the field of biocompatible aerogels and composite aerogel materials in life science, especially in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Due to their large surface area, open pore structure, and biocompatibility, aerogels are very promising candidates for drug delivery systems. The use of both inorganic and organic aerogels as carriers for pharmaceutically active compounds is discussed in this chapter. Both the stability and the release kinetics of the drug can be significantly improved by loading them into aerogels. First attempts to prepare semisolid and solid pharmaceutical formulations have been made. Furthermore, aerogels can be used as a host matrix for bioactive compounds (enzymes and proteins), which improve or enable their performance. Taking into account all research activities in the area of aerogels, a number of promising pharmaceutical applications can be expected in future.
IntroductionSilica aerogels were used in daily life products since 1960s, when Monsanto's aerogels were introduced as additives for cosmetics and toothpaste. At present, an interest has grown in the field of biocompatible aerogels and composite aerogel materials in life sciences, especially for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. In principle, biocompatible aerogels can be made from any organic compound, whose properties such as toxicity and biodegradation are suitable for the given application. In the case of aerogel composites, the final material consists of an aerogel matrix and one or more additional phases (of any composition or scale), which influence the properties of the final product. Thus, at least one phase has a physical structure with dimensions in the order of nanometres (the particles and pores of the aerogel). The aerogel composites can be prepared in two different ways: through the addition of a target compound during the sol-gel process (Figure 31.1A) and by post-treatment of the dried aerogels (Figure 31.1B), for example, by adsorption, vapour phase deposition, or reactive gas treatment.The first method (a) is attractive by its simplicity and flexibility, since virtually every material can be easily added to the sol solution before gelation. This added material can be of I. Smirnova