“…The dye irritates the gastrointestinal tract if ingested and causes methemoglobinemia, cyanosis, convulsions, tachycardia, and dyspnea if inhaled. 2,5 Several treatment processes such as biodegradation 6 , bioremediation 7 , adsorption 8,9 , and photocatalytic degradation [10][11][12] are currently used in methylene blue removal from wastewater. Among these methods, photocatalytic degradation has a high potential to develop further for its rapid degradation rate, mineralization of dyes to green products, and reduction of the toxicity of dyes.…”