Adsorption of Bacteria by Inert Particulate Reagents

Gunnison, J. B.; Marshall, M. S.

doi:10.1128/jb.33.4.401-409.1937

Cited by 28 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…It is evident that if a population not subject to washout (captive population) discharges its progeny within a culture vessel, then the liquidborne cells will be more numerous than predicted by theory, especially at flow rates that should reduce the population to near zero. There are many reports that bacterial cells tend to become attached or adsorbed onto surfaces (ZoBell, 1937(ZoBell, , 1943Gunnison and Marshall, 1937;Conn and Conn, 1940;Heukelekian and Heller, 1940;Zvyagintsev, 1959;Helmstetter and Cummings, 1963). ZoBell (1937ZoBell ( , 1943 observed that surfaces increased the bacterial population, and enhanced the physiological activity of bacteria in seawater.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attachment and Growth of Bacteria on Surfaces of Continuous-Culture Vessels

Larsen

Dimmick

1964

J Bacteriol

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Don H. Larsen (Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah), and R. L. Dimmick . Attachment and growth of bacteria on surfaces of continuous-culture vessels. J. Bacteriol. 88: 1380–1387. 1964.—Initial attempts to induce synchrony in a continuous culture of Serratia marcescens by alternating growth temperatures produced fluctuations in the population of a magnitude and at a density higher than predicted by theory. Without temperature change, the density in the 14-ml volume changed with dilution rate, but the total output of cells per hour remained constant, even at dilution rates greater than critical. When glass wool was added to the culture vessel, the total output per hour increased 30-fold. Nonlethal ultrasonic agitation applied to the vessel reduced the population density in continuous culture under both a static and a cyclic temperature program. The decrease in population density, when the washout rate was momentarily increased about tenfold, was less than theoretically predicted, and the subsequent rapid rise, when flow was terminated, indicated the presence of a reservoir of cells on the walls of the vessel continually discharging their progeny into the medium. Several genera were examined in the latter manner; it is estimated that in some cases as many as 90% ( S. marcescens, Escherichia coli ), and in others ( Bacillus spp.) possibly none, of the cells in suspension arose from wall inhabitants. Growth of bacteria on the walls of continuous-culture vessels can significantly influence the population density and, hence, the kinetics of continuous growth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attachment and Growth of Bacteria on Surfaces of Continuous-Culture Vessels

Larsen

Dimmick

1964

J Bacteriol

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“…In their studies on the adsorption of bacteria by inert reagents, Gunnison and Marshall (1937) found no evidence that the beneficial clinical effects which sometimes follow the oral administration of kaolin, charcoal, Fuller's earth, etc., could be attributed to the inactivation of adsorbed pathogens. They believe that the adsorption of toxins or enzymes is more likely to account for the reported clinical improvements than the removal of bacteria by adsorption.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Solid Surfaces upon Bacterial Activity

1943

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The bacterial population of water samples from the sea, lakes or other sources usually increases during storage. While several different factors may be operative (Prescott and Winslow, 1931), it is noteworthy that the magnitude of the increase is often related to the size of the receptacle in which the water is stored. For example, Whipple (1901) found that the bacterial population of water, which initially contained an average of 77 bacteria per ml., increased to 300 per ml. in a gallon, 900 per ml. in a quart, 7,020 per ml. in a pint and 41,400 per ml. in 2-ounce bottles after 24 hours' incubation under comparable conditions. He attributed this to the greater availability of oxygen in the small receptacles which were not filled to capacity. However, ZoBell and Stadler (1940) have shown that the multiplication and respiration of aerobic bacteria is independent of the oxygen tension within the examined ranges of 0.30 to 36 mgm./liter. Using oxygen consumption as well as bacterial multiplication in glass-stoppered bottles filled to capacity with sea water as criteria, ZoBell and Anderson (1936) noted that bacteria are generally more active in small than in large receptacles of similar shape. Since the small receptacles present relatively more solid surface per unit volume of stored water than large receptacles, they concluded that solid surfaces are beneficial to bacteria in dilute nutrient solutions. A similar conclusion was reached by Lloyd (1937). The following report is concerned with the ways in which solid or adsorbing surfaces may influence bacterial activity. GLASS SURFACES ADSORB NUTRIENTS Inasmuch as the effect of volume or solid surfaces upon bacterial activity can be demonstrated only in very dilute nutrient solutions and since the effect is more pronounced with colloidal than with dissolved nutrients, ZoBell (1937) suggested that nutrients may be concentrated on solid surfaces. This explanation is supported by more recent observations here and elsewhere. The work of ZoBell and Grant (1943) shows that bacterial activity is directly proportional to the concentration of nutrients when the latter is less than 10 mgm./l. Since sea water ordinarily contains less than 5 mgm./l. of organic matter (Krogh, 1931), only a small part of which is readily attacked by bacteria (Waksman and Carey, 1935a), it follows that any factor which tends to concentrate the organic matter would promote bacterial activity. Although the small quantity and complexity of the organic content of sea water make it difficult to estimate the amount which is adsorbed by glass or other solid surfaces under different conditions, there are several ways in which Contribution from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, New Series No. 204.

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“…To examine the effects of kaolin on F. columnare , bacterial cells (10 uL of the bacterial challenge stock) were incubated in 2 mL of well water or in well water containing kaolin (1 g L −1 ) for 1 h (four replicates per condition), similar to that previously described by Gunnison and Marshall (). After incubation, the preparations were gently centrifuged (47 g for 5 min) to pellet the kaolin, but not freely suspended bacterial cells.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, the preferential ectopic pathogenesis of this organism makes it highly amenable to prophylactic or treatment intervention with surface-acting compounds. One such potential compound is kaolin (Al 2 Si 2 0 5 (OH) 4 ), an inert clay which has a long history of medicinal use, where it has been principally exploited to adsorb pathogenic bacteria, particularly in the context of gastrointestinal disease (Hektoen & Rappaport 1915;Gunnison & Marshall 1937). Uses for kaolin in aquaculture have been previously explored as bulking agents in pelleted feeds (Grove, Loizides & Nott 1978;Jobling 1981) and to reduce egg adhesiveness and clumping in hatchery operations (Mizuno et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kaolinitic clay protects against Flavobacterium columnare infection in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

Beck

Barnett

Farmer

et al. 2014

Journal of Fish Diseases

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Columnaris disease, caused by the bacterial pathogen Flavobacterium columnare, continues to be a major problem worldwide in both wild and cultured freshwater finfish. Despite the far-reaching negative impacts of columnaris disease, safe and efficacious preventatives and curatives for this disease remain limited. In this study, we evaluated the potential of kaolin (Al2 Si2 05 (OH)4 ), a type of clay, for the prevention of columnaris disease. Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), fingerlings were experimentally challenged with Flavobacterium columnare in untreated water or with water containing kaolin (1 g L(-1) ). Over the 7-day course of study, kaolin treatment led to significantly (P < 0.001) improved survival (96%) as compared to untreated fish (78% survival). Histological examination of the gills revealed that kaolin-treated fish had substantially less gill damage than untreated controls. Quantitative PCR analysis of gill tissue revealed that kaolin significantly reduced F. columnare adhesion (measured at 1 h post-challenge) and colonization (24 h post-challenge). Incubation of kaolin with F. columnare in vitro demonstrated that kaolin reduced the number of F. columnare cells in culture supernatants, presumably through the formation of physical complexes through adsorption. In summary, kaolin can improve survival, reduce gill pathologies and reduce bacterial attachment to key tissues associated with columnaris disease in channel catfish by binding to F. columnare.

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Adsorption of Bacteria by Inert Particulate Reagents

Cited by 28 publications

References 6 publications

Attachment and Growth of Bacteria on Surfaces of Continuous-Culture Vessels

Attachment and Growth of Bacteria on Surfaces of Continuous-Culture Vessels

The Effect of Solid Surfaces upon Bacterial Activity

Kaolinitic clay protects against Flavobacterium columnare infection in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque)

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