Adsorption of Mercury on Chlorine-Modified Activated Carbon: Breakthrough Curves and Temperature-Programmed Desorption

Abstract

The adsorption of elemental mercury (Hg 0 ) on activated carbons modified with 0.2, 0.6, and 1 M HCl is systematically examined. Breakthrough curves are measured, and coupled adsorption and desorption experiments with temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) are performed. The experiments show that impregnation with HCl produces surface-bound chlorine, which significantly increases the capacity of activated carbons for mercury. Physisorptive interactions between elemental mercury and the activated carbon surface dominate on the basic materials. In contrast, on HCl-modified activated carbons, chemisorptive interactions of Hg 0 with surface-bound chlorine lead to a complex involving carbon, chlorine, and mercury. Using TPD, two mechanisms could be identified that yield reaction products with different energetic values. By continuously recording Hg 0 and Hg total concentrations, the formation of Hg 0 and Hg x Cl 2 during desorption of the complexes from the surface could be studied. It is shown that Hg x Cl 2 found in TPD is not present as a solid salt in the pores but is formed by thermal degradation of the mercury chlorine complex on the carbon surface. The mass fraction of Hg measured in TPD which is bound in Hg x Cl 2 depends on the Hg loading of the activated carbons, with a maximum mass fraction of 27%. We propose that an important step in the chemisorptive reaction with increasing mercury loading is the conversion of a HgCl 2 complex into a Hg 2 Cl 2 complex.

Mercury Adsorption on Phosphoric Acid- and Nitric Acid-Modified Activated Carbon

“…For the measurement of breakthrough curves, 6 g of activated carbon was used to comply with the height-to-diameter ratio of 4:1 according to the technical guideline on adsorbent design . The coupled adsorption and desorption experiments were performed with 0.6 g activated carbon to exclude readsorption effects . In the first part of the experiment, the mercury containing the nitrogen stream is passed over the fixed bed for a defined time of 1 h. By integrating the area between inlet and outlet concentration, the loading of the adsorbent can be calculated.…”

“…40 The coupled adsorption and desorption experiments were performed with 0.6 g activated carbon to exclude readsorption effects. 41 In the first part of the experiment, the mercury containing the nitrogen stream is passed over the fixed bed for a defined time of 1 h. By integrating the area between inlet and outlet concentration, the loading of the adsorbent can be calculated. Under the assumption that the density of the gas is constant and that only mercury is adsorbed, the global mass balance around the adsorber is obtained…”