There is overwhelming evidence that ions are present near the vapor-liquid interface of aqueous salt solutions. Charged groups can also be driven to interfaces by attaching them to hydrophobic moieties. Despite their importance in many self-assembly phenomena, how ion-ion interactions are affected by interfaces is not understood. We use molecular simulations to show that the effective forces between small ions change character dramatically near the water vapor-liquid interface. Specifically, the water-mediated attraction between oppositely charged ions is enhanced relative to that in bulk water. Further, the repulsion between like-charged ions is weaker than that expected from a continuum dielectric description and can even become attractive as the ions are drawn to the vapor side. We show that thermodynamics of ion association are governed by a delicate balance of ion hydration, interfacial tension, and restriction of capillary fluctuations at the interface, leading to nonintuitive phenomena, such as watermediated like charge attraction. "Sticky" electrostatic interactions may have important consequences on biomolecular structure, assembly, and aggregation at soft liquid interfaces. We demonstrate this by studying an interfacially active model peptide that changes its structure from α-helical to a hairpin-turn-like one in response to charging of its ends. T raditional models of an air-water interface of a salt solution present a picture in which salt ions are excluded from the interfacial region (1). However, recent simulations and experiments have shown that certain chaotropic ions, such as iodide, azide, and thiocyanate, can adsorb to the air-water interface (2-7). Even when ions are depleted from the interface, the extent of depletion is limited to a nanometer length scale (8). Charged species can also be driven to an air-water interface by covalently attaching them to hydrophobic moieties, as in ionic surfactants, or interfacially active proteins (9, 10). Thermodynamics of ion adsorption to interfaces are complex, determined by a balance of energetic and entropic contributions (7,11,12). The net energetic contribution can be favorable or unfavorable, depending on the differences between ion-water, ion-ion, and water-water interactions in bulk and at the interface. The entropic contribution is typically unfavorable due to the restriction of water molecules in the hydration shell of the ion and the corresponding pinning of capillary fluctuations at the interface (7,13,14). Solvent structure and fluctuations at the interface are also known to play an important role in ion dissociation pathways in the transport of ions across liquid-liquid interfaces (15). How these factors govern the effective ion-ion interactions near aqueous interfaces and, in turn, influence interfacial self-assembly and aggregation is, however, not understood.We present results from extensive molecular simulations of ion hydration and ion-ion interactions near a water vapor-liquid interface. Our principal results are that solvent-mediated ...