Adsorption performance of activated carbon synthesis by ZnCl₂, KOH, H₃PO₄ with different activation temperatures from mixed fruit seeds

Abstract

In this study, new activated carbons (ACs) were synthesized from a mixture of lemon and orange seeds (LOS) for toxic metal removal from aqueous solutions. Adsorbents have been produced by chemical activation with different activation agents (with H 3 PO 4 , ZnCl 2 and KOH) and activation temperature (600°C, 700°C, 800°C). The elemental analysis, FT-IR, XRD and SEM analyses were performed to determine the characterization of the ACs. A series of batch adsorption experiments were done to research the influence of various parameters such as pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, temperature, the complexing agents on the toxic metal ions (Cu(II), Cr(III) and Ni(II)) removal capacity of ACs. Adsorption equilibration time was 60 min, the adsorption capacity was 118.02 mg/g for Ni(II) ions, 146.03 mg/g for Cr(III) ions and 150.45 mg/g for Cu(II) ions. The adsorption of toxic metal ions was observed as a maximum at pH = 5 on AC-ZnCl 2 (600°C) produced under N 2 atmosphere. The adsorption process was fitted with a Langmuir isotherm model and a pseudo-second-order kinetic equation, showing the metal ions adsorption on AC was monolayer coverage. Thermodynamic studies show that the adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous in nature. AC produced from the LOS mixture has not been encountered in the literature. A simple, easy-to-apply method has been developed for a new adsorbent prepared from a mixture of LOS with environmentally friendly, easy to produce, reusable, cost-effective, non-toxic and with good adsorption-desorption capacity. Therefore, this study will contribute to the world economy in terms of environmental and wastewater cleaning.

APTMS-BCAD modified magnetic iron oxide for magnetic solid-phase extraction of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions

“…The percent removal of Cu(II) ions by FSAB adsorbent ( % Removal ) and adsorption capacity ( q e (mg/g)) were computed by Eqs. (1) and (2) , respectively [ 40 , 41 , 42 ]. …”

Removal of bentazone using activated carbon from spent coffee grounds

“…This interaction is associated with Henry's law 40 and the characteristics of the surface groups, carried out using the Boehm method (Table 4). This may be because C activated with ZnCl 2 is more efficient than other ACs 84 as it contains a higher percentage of phenolics on its surface, which may be more efficient in removing bentazone in dilute solutions. Additionally, the Langmuir isotherm for the conditions tested, such as homogeneous surface, atmospheric pressure, adsorption thermal constant and mono‐ and multilayer adsorption is more efficient than Freundlich 85 …”

Selective and efficient removal of phosphate from aqueous solution using activated carbon-supported MgFe 2 O 4 -layered double hydroxide (LDH) hierarchically porous nanocomposite

“…The kinetic study is important to define the adsorbate uptake rate in the adsorption process and to control the remaining time of the entire process [66]. From the experimental data displayed in Fig.…”

“…The study of kinetic models is vital as it provides guidance in design of adsorption systems and provides information about probable adsorption mechanisms involved and adsorption pathways. In light of this, phosphate adsorption kinetics was analysed using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models, as presented in equations ( 7) and ( 8) respectively [66].…”