Adsorption Properties of Hydrocarbon and Fluorocarbon Surfactants Ternary Mixture at the Water-Air Interface

Abstract

Measurements were made of the surface tension of the aqueous solutions of p-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenoxypoly(ethylene glycols) having 10 oxyethylene groups in the molecule (Triton X-100, TX100) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) with Zonyl FSN-100 (FC6EO14, FC1) as well as with Zonyl FSO-100 (FC5EO10, FC2) ternary mixtures. The obtained results were compared to those provided by the Fainerman and Miller equation and to the values of the solution surface tension calculated, based on the contribution of a particular surfactant in the mixture to the reduction of water surface tension. The changes of the aqueous solution ternary surfactants mixture surface tension at the constant concentration of TX100 and CTAB mixture at which the water surface tension was reduced to 60 and 50 mN/m as a function of fluorocarbon surfactant concentration, were considered with regard to the composition of the mixed monolayer at the water-air interface. Next, this composition was applied for the calculation of the concentration of the particular surfactants in the monolayer using the Frumkin equation. On the other hand, the Gibbs surface excess concentration was determined only for the fluorocarbon surfactants. The tendency of the particular surfactants to adsorb at the water-air interface was discussed, based on the Gibbs standard free energy of adsorption which was determined using different methods. This energy was also deduced, based on the surfactant tail surface tension and tail-water interface tension.

Anthracene and Pyrene Biodegradation Performance of Marine Sponge Symbiont Bacteria Consortium

“…The results of the morphological analysis showed that all three types of marine sponges as sources of bacterial isolates had a slimy body surface (Figures 1-3). The mucus on the surface of the sponge body is anticipated to be a substance produced by symbiotic bacteria for self-protection and adaptation to the dynamics in the sponge's growth habitat [5,15,55]. The three types of consortium bacteria (Table 2) reacted positively with several phenotypic test reagents, indicating their specific ability to biodegrade PAHs, such as pyrene and anthracene.…”

“…Each compound is characterized by functional groups identified according to the range of wavenumbers. Overall, it can be stated that a longer interaction time led to an increase in the number of components and the types of components (Figure 5A-E), dominated by alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and some aromatic components [5,8,11] cordingly, it can be stated that (1) the number of components resulting from biodegradation tended to increase with increasing interaction time, (2) the types of biodegradation products were different, and (3) all biodegradation products were organic compounds with dominant characteristics in the form of hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups.…”

“…Each compound is characterized by functional groups identified according to the range of wavenumbers. Overall, it can be stated that a longer interaction time led to an increase in the number of components and the types of components (Figure 5A-E), dominated by alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and some aromatic components [5,8,11] Figure 5. FTIR spectra displaying the functional groups of biodegradation products as a function of the interaction time: (A) 5 days of interaction, (B) 10 days of interaction, (C) 15 days of interaction, (D) 20 days of interaction, and (E) 25 days of interaction.…”

“…These PAHs are also present in plants (e.g., tobacco tar) and animals (e.g., deer and termites) [2]. Anthracene is moderately toxic and carcinogenic, whereas pyrene is highly toxic, carcinogenic, and genotoxic or mutagenic [3][4][5]. Anthracene is widely used as an antiseptic and insecticide, whereas pyrene is used for increasing the octane number of fossil fuels [6,7].…”

Comparison of the Strength of Biodegradation of Pyrene between Symbiont Bacteria of Marine Sponges and Bacteria Isolated from Seawater

“…Bacteria in the marine can form independent communities, generally having specific characteristics and characteristics depending on their habitat [1,[39][40][41]. Bacterial communities living in marine areas are exposed to wastes such as heavy metals, PAHs, pesticides, and biphenyl polychloride [2,42,43]. Those generally have the character and ability to adapt to these contaminants.…”