“…The electrostatic effect occurs when the carboxylate groups of the HRWRA adhere to the cement surface. (Karakuzu et al, 2021;Ozen et al, 2020a;Yigit et al, 2020;Sahin et al, 2022c;Kalipcilar et al, 2016;Latifi et al, 2022;Sahin et al, 2020). At the same time, polyethylene oxide side chains provide steric hindrance (Altun et al, 2021;Ozen et al, 2021;Sahin & Mardani., 2022d;Mardani-Aghabaglou, 2021a;Ozen et al, 2020b;Ozen et al, 2022b;Mardani-Aghabaglou, 2021b).…”