Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetric Method for Determination of Gallium Using an In Situ Plated Lead Film Electrode

Abstract

1IntroductionOver the last few decades,g alliumc ompounds have gained importance in the fields of electronics and medicine.I nm edicine severalg allium salts are useda sb oth pharmaceuticals and radiopharmaceuticals.I nc linical medicine,r adioactive galliuma nd stable gallium nitrate are used as diagnostic and therapeutic agents in cancer and disorders of calcium and bone metabolism [1,2].I n electronics,t he most commona pplications for gallium include advanced semiconductors for microwave transceivers,D VDs,l aser diodes in compact discs and other electronic devices.I ni ndustry occupational exposure to gallium may cause healthp roblems,a nd semiconductorp roductionw astesm ay result in environmentalp roblems [3]. Thel evel of galliumi nt he environment around industrial area is beginning to rise,d ue to variousu ses of gallium and gallium compounds.T hati sw hy the determination of gallium traces in environmental samples was studied [4].Electrochemical techniques seem to be suitable for direct metali on determination because they offer highly sensitive detection with low-cost portable instrumentation and are simple,r eliable and easy to use.I nt race analysis of gallium, anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) and adsorptivec athodics trippingv oltammetry (AdCSV) are mainly used. Thea nodic stripping determinationo fg allium is based on the formation of its amalgama nd is carried out mainly on different mercury electrodes [5][6][7][8][9][10], such as hangingm ercury drop electrodes (HMDE) [5][6][7][8], stirring mercury electrode [9],r enewable mercury film silver basede lectrode (Hg(Ag)FE) [10],m ercury film electrode [11],H gBi thinf ilm electrode [12] and recently on bismuth film electrodes [12,13].A nodic stripping voltammetry is ap otentially attractive approach for trace quantification of gallium, but its main drawbackc onsists in the formationo fi ntermetallic compoundsb etween gallium and zinc, copper,o rn ickel [4].T herefore as an alternative stripping approach for trace quantitation of gallium the adsorptive cathodics trippingv oltammetry (AdCSV) can been applied.I nt his case also mercury electrodes are mainly used,H MDE [14][15][16][17] or Hg(Ag)FE [18,19].I nl iterature data we found only one adsorptive voltammetric procedure for galliumd eterminationu sing mercuryf ree electrode,t hat is carbon paste electrode [20].T he major drawback of mercury electrodesi st heir high toxicity,s oa ttempts to replace them with less toxic ones is ani mportant challenge.In the last few years lead film electrodes were introduced for stripping analysis and they have been applied until today for the determination of selected metal ions, Co(II), Ni(II), U(VI),P t(IV) [21][22][23][24][25][26].I np aper [27] the microscopic and electrochemicalc haracterizationo ft he lead film electrode applied in adsorptive stripping analysis was precisely described.In the present study,w eu sed al ead film electrode (PbFE) formed in situ and appliedi tt og allium determination by AdCSV.T he application of the in situ formed lead film ele...

A review on electrochemical methods for trace metal speciation in environmental media

“…Ga [67] and Cr [68]. These methods are developed using common carbon paste 116 electrodes [60;61] or screen-printed ones [69;70], but also use more recent substrates 117 such as e.g.…”

Simultaneous AdSV determination of Ga and In on Hg(Ag)FE electrode by AdSV in presence of cupferron

“…& pH and concentration of the supporting electrolyte, & the concentration of the complexing agent, & the potential and time of accumulation of the indium and gallium complexes at the working electrode surface had to be chosen so as to obtain optimal signals concomitantly for both analyzed elements, considering the height, shape of the peaks, and their separation on the voltammogram. Previous studies showed that Ga(III) and In(III) form electrochemically active complexes with cupferron, which allow voltammetric determination of these elements with a low limit of detection [19,25,26,32]. The choice of the working electrode was directed to provide the best sensitivity, and as we know, this can be obtained using mercury electrodes.…”

Post‐Transition Metal Electrodes for Sensing Heavy Metal Ions by Stripping Voltammetry

“…[145] The in situ plated Pb film electrode could be also utilized to detect Ga(III) by AdCSV, for which a linear sensing profile ranging from 1 × 10 −8 to 2 × 10 −7 mol L −1 was reported with a detection limit of 0.209 ppb, which was relatively higher than that of a hanging Hg drop electrode from previous reports. [146] The same Pb film was used to measure trace metal of In(III) by AdSV, resulting in a 5 × 10 −10 to 2 × 10 −7 mol L −1 sensing range and the lowest detection limit of 0.0138 ppb reported to date. [147] Researchers utilized a combination of SEM and AFM imaging and XRD to study the morphology of Pb crystallites deposited on glassy carbon substrate forming the active electrode.…”