Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Azithromycin at a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified by Electrochemical Oxidation

Nigović, Biljana

doi:10.2116/analsci.20.639

Cited by 32 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The pH of the buffered solution was measured with a Metrohm digital pH-meter using a combined glass electrode. 24) A glassy carbon electrode was polished with 0.05 mm alumina powder on a polishing cloth until a mirror-like finish was obtained. The electrode was then washed with double-distilled water; an electrochemical pretreatment of the glassy carbon electrode was performed by anodic oxidation at 1.8 V for 4 min in 0.2 M phosphate buffer at pH 6.0.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Determination of Meloxicam in Pharmaceutical Preparation and Biological Fluids Using Oxidized Glassy Carbon Electrodes

Farhadi

Karimpour

2007

CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN

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Meloxicam (MLC), 4-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(5-methyl-2-thiazolyl)-2H-1,2-benzo thiazine-3-carboxamide-1,1-dioxide, is a highly potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the enolic acid class of oxicam derivatives. 1,2) This drug is indicated for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and other joint diseases.2) Due to the vital importance of MLC determination in pharmaceutical preparations and in biological fluids, many analytical techniques have been reported in literature. MLC has been determined in pharmaceutical preparations using spectroscopic, [3][4][5][6][7] HPLC [8][9][10][11][12][13] and electrochemical [14][15][16][17][18] methods. Studies of the therapeutic and toxic effects of drugs require a sensitive method for determination of them at a trace level. All reported spectroscopic methods suffer from low sensitivity. On the other hand, high performance liquid chromatographic methods, while having the advantage of requiring minimal sample preparation, are relatively slow and expensive, require filtration, degassing and expensive grades of reagents, eluents and equipment. In addition, the most of the reported electrochemical methods are based on the reduction of MLC on dropping or hanging mercury electrodes. Radi et al. have developed an electrochemical oxidation method for determination of MLC in tablet dosage form using a carbon paste electrode.16) According to this report, MLC is irreversibly oxidized from amide and enol functions over pH range 2-11.5 in buffer media. Adsorptive stripping voltammetry has been demonstrated as a sensitive analytical method for a wide range of pharmaceutical compounds adsorbing on the electrode surface.19) As a result, a wide variety of substances possessing surface-active properties are easily measurable at very low concentration levels.20) The adsorptive properties of a glassy carbon electrode can be changed with the electrochemical pretreatment procedure. Electrode surface modifications and pretreatments have been widely used to improve the electrochemical responses of biological compounds and to construct electrochemical detectors for liquid chromatography involving the detection of analytes that oxidize only at extreme positive potentials. [21][22][23] The behavior of carbon electrodes at high positive potentials has received considerable interest owing to a desire to improve both the activity and reproducibility of carbon electrodes. The objective of the present work was to develop an adsorptive stripping voltammetric procedure for the determination of MLC, with higher sensitivity than the reported ones. It has been found that MLC could be adsorbed on an electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrode (EPGCE). Using this phenomenon and by accumulating this compound at the electrode surface prior to a differential pulse voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry measurements, a higher sensitivity has been readily achieved. This work deals with the application of the proposed voltammetric methods to assay MLC in biological samples and pharm...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Determination of Meloxicam in Pharmaceutical Preparation and Biological Fluids Using Oxidized Glassy Carbon Electrodes

Farhadi

Karimpour

2007

CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN

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“…4,12 The oxidation of tertiary amines with hydrogen peroxide in aqueous or organic media generates tertiary amine N-oxides. 38,39 The oxygen atom of tertiary amine N-oxides (N-oxides) has been shown to work as a very effective electron donor.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,2 It is used in respiratory tract infections, like pharyngitis, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections and some sexually transmitted diseases. [2][3][4][5] Several methods have been described in the literature for the determination of AZ in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids, including spectrophotometry, 2,6-10 spectrofluorometry, 11 voltammetry, 4,5,12,13 high-performance liquid chromatography using electrochemical, 14,15 amperometric, 16 fluorescence, 17 UV, 18,19 and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, 20 detection and bioassay. 21,22 Some of these methods display good detection limits and accuracy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21,22 Some of these methods display good detection limits and accuracy. 5,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]20,22 However, most of them are time-consuming 2,4-9,11 -13,15,17,21,22 and in some cases require expensive equipment. 11,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20] The United States Pharmacopeia 23 proposes a chromatographic method with amperometric detection that needs the use of a specific "Gamma-alumina" column, which is expensive and difficult to obtain commercially.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flow-Injection Spectrophotometric Determination of Azithromycin in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using p-Chloranil in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide

Rufino

Pezza

2008

ANAL. SCI.

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A flow-injection (FI) spectrophotometric procedure exploiting merging zones is proposed for the determination of azithromycin in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the reaction of azithromycin with tetrachloro-pbenzoquinone (p-chloranil) accelerated by hydrogen peroxide and conducted in a methanol medium, producing a purplered color compound (lmax = 540 nm). The FI system and the experimental conditions were optimized using a multivariate method. Beer's law is obeyed in a concentration range of 50 -1600 mg mL -1 with an excellent correlation coefficient (r = 0.9998). The detection limit and the quantification limit were 6.6 and 22.1 mg mL -1 , respectively. No interference was observed from the common excipients, and the recoveries were within 98.6 to 100.4%. The procedure was applied to the determination of azithromycin in pharmaceuticals with a high sampling rate (65 samples h -1 ). The results obtained by the proposed method were in good agreement with those obtained by the comparative method at 95% confidence level.

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“…24 A glassy carbon electrode was polished with 0.05 μm alumina powder on a polishing cloth until a mirror-like finish was obtained. The electrode was then washed with double-distilled water; an electrochemical pretreatment of the glassy carbon electrode was performed by anodic oxidation at 1.8 V for 4 min in 0.2 M phosphate buffer at pH 6.0.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Behavior and Determination of Clozapine on a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified by Electrochemical Oxidation

Farhadi

Karimpour

2007

ANAL. SCI.

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The adsorptive and electrochemical behaviors of clozapine (CLZ) were investigated on a glassy carbon electrode that was electrochemically treated by anodic oxidation at +1.8 V, following potential cycling in the potential range from -0.8 to 1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Based on the obtained electrochemical results, an electrochemical-chemical (EC) mechanism was proposed to explain the electrochemical oxidation of CLZ. The resulting electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrode (EPGCE) showed good activity to improve the electrochemical response of the drug. CLZ was accumulated in a phosphate buffer (pH 6) at a certain time, and then determined by differential pulse voltammetry. The anodic and cathodic peak currents showed a linear function in the concentration ranges of 0.1 -1, 1 -10 and 10 -100 μM with various accumulation times. The proposed method was successfully used for the determination of CLZ in pharmaceutical preparations. The preconcentration medium-exchange approach was utilized for the selective determination of the drug in spiked urine samples with satisfactory results. The recovery levels of the method reached 96% (RSD, 1.8%) and 90% (RSD, 2.8%) for urine and plasma samples, respectively.

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Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Azithromycin at a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified by Electrochemical Oxidation

Cited by 32 publications

References 15 publications

Electrochemical Determination of Meloxicam in Pharmaceutical Preparation and Biological Fluids Using Oxidized Glassy Carbon Electrodes

Electrochemical Determination of Meloxicam in Pharmaceutical Preparation and Biological Fluids Using Oxidized Glassy Carbon Electrodes

Flow-Injection Spectrophotometric Determination of Azithromycin in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using p-Chloranil in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide

Electrochemical Behavior and Determination of Clozapine on a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified by Electrochemical Oxidation

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